{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2549448969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465646","title":"Low frequency high voltage offshore grid for transmission of renewable power","display_name":"Low frequency high voltage offshore grid for transmission of renewable power","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2549448969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465646","mag":"2549448969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465646","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110111501","display_name":"W. Fischer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elia Group 50Hertz Transmission GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elia Group 50Hertz Transmission GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030914051","display_name":"Robert J. Braun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5319-3350"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Braun","raw_affiliation_strings":["DB Energie GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DB Energie GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077323202","display_name":"I. Erlich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-1732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Erlich","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7489,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86729153,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.6821324229240417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine-pipeline","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","score":0.6552425026893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine","display_name":"Submarine","score":0.6070795655250549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-wind-power","display_name":"Offshore wind power","score":0.5959149599075317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-voltage","display_name":"High voltage","score":0.5167664289474487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-voltage-direct-current","display_name":"High-voltage direct current","score":0.5152004361152649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5113682150840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.49845027923583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4806167483329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-transmission","display_name":"Power transmission","score":0.47607865929603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.472819447517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4302581548690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.41165173053741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.34652942419052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33595776557922363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.2065504491329193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18350628018379211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-current","display_name":"Direct current","score":0.17971184849739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12357163429260254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.6821324229240417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162284963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","level":2,"score":0.6552425026893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121327165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2811","display_name":"Submarine","level":2,"score":0.6070795655250549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8735168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704","display_name":"Offshore wind power","level":3,"score":0.5959149599075317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88182573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139740","display_name":"High voltage","level":3,"score":0.5167664289474487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781163877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370607","display_name":"High-voltage direct current","level":4,"score":0.5152004361152649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5113682150840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.49845027923583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4806167483329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92018576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3242194","display_name":"Power transmission","level":3,"score":0.47607865929603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.472819447517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4302581548690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.41165173053741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34652942419052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33595776557922363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.2065504491329193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18350628018379211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776620479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159241","display_name":"Direct current","level":3,"score":0.17971184849739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12357163429260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465646","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148012190","https://openalex.org/W2157716118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4360995733","https://openalex.org/W2394159424","https://openalex.org/W3111442364","https://openalex.org/W2803052951","https://openalex.org/W2347414024","https://openalex.org/W2481367499","https://openalex.org/W4225154804","https://openalex.org/W2124419434","https://openalex.org/W3093412862","https://openalex.org/W2649277844"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AC":[0,86],"Power":[1],"transmission":[2,76],"using":[3],"underground":[4],"cables":[5,88],"at":[6,57,99],"50":[7],"or":[8],"60":[9],"Hz":[10],"is":[11,23,34,64],"limited":[12],"by":[13],"the":[14,19,24,29,49,58,110,117],"charging":[15],"current":[16],"and":[17,69,92,115,119],"thus":[18],"distance.":[20],"Often":[21],"this":[22],"reason":[25],"to":[26,28,48],"change":[27],"DC":[30],"technology.":[31],"However,":[32],"there":[33],"an":[35],"intermediate":[36],"solution":[37],"of":[38,55,61,78,109,123],"low":[39,111],"frequency":[40,54,112],"operation":[41],"allowing":[42],"longer":[43],"distances":[44],"from":[45],"offshore":[46,113,127],"platform":[47],"onshore":[50],"station.":[51],"The":[52],"railroad":[53],"16.7Hz":[56],"voltage":[59,77],"level":[60],"145":[62],"kV":[63,80],"fully":[65],"developed,":[66],"field":[67],"proven":[68],"in":[70,121],"broad":[71],"commercial":[72],"use.":[73],"A":[74],"higher":[75],"220":[79],"seems":[81],"doable.":[82],"Also":[83],"3":[84],"core":[85],"submarine":[87],"are":[89],"commercially":[90],"available,":[91],"can":[93],"be":[94],"used":[95],"without":[96],"any":[97],"changes":[98],"reduced":[100],"frequency.":[101],"This":[102],"paper":[103],"presents":[104],"a":[105],"preliminary":[106],"basic":[107],"design":[108],"link":[114],"discusses":[116],"pros":[118],"cons":[120],"terms":[122],"technical":[124],"feasibility":[125],"for":[126],"installations":[128],"as":[129,131],"well":[130],"operational":[132],"aspects.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}