{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360584129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt51731.2023.10066391","title":"Resilient Inverter-Driven Black Start with Collective Parallel Grid-Forming Operation","display_name":"Resilient Inverter-Driven Black Start with Collective Parallel Grid-Forming Operation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360584129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt51731.2023.10066391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt51731.2023.10066391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt51731.2023.10066391","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Power &amp; Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023640811","display_name":"Jay Sawant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1647-8012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jay Sawant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Power Systems Engineering Center,National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO,USA,80401"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Power Systems Engineering Center,National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO,USA,80401","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068244189","display_name":"Gab\u2010Su Seo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5909-5978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gab-Su Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Power Systems Engineering Center,National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO,USA,80401"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Power Systems Engineering Center,National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO,USA,80401","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102911810","display_name":"Fei Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5431-4744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Power Systems Engineering Center,National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO,USA,80401"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Power Systems Engineering Center,National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO,USA,80401","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023640811"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94614601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter","display_name":"Inverter","score":0.663402795791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6589251756668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5128684043884277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4857926368713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4576645493507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inrush-current","display_name":"Inrush current","score":0.4460587501525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.394500732421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3394317030906677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3206745982170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.28956353664398193}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.663402795791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6589251756668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5128684043884277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4857926368713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4576645493507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23340480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358932","display_name":"Inrush current","level":4,"score":0.4460587501525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.394500732421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3394317030906677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3206745982170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.28956353664398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt51731.2023.10066391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt51731.2023.10066391","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Power &amp; Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1304107674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC36-08GO28308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2156088372","https://openalex.org/W2162023956","https://openalex.org/W2265248459","https://openalex.org/W2477962371","https://openalex.org/W2794655067","https://openalex.org/W2905126141","https://openalex.org/W3010053062","https://openalex.org/W3030936592","https://openalex.org/W3085897513","https://openalex.org/W3092199388","https://openalex.org/W3108610636","https://openalex.org/W3116297879","https://openalex.org/W3196660103","https://openalex.org/W4312655675"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066475836","https://openalex.org/W2164272108","https://openalex.org/W3193421521","https://openalex.org/W3015498293","https://openalex.org/W1499431595","https://openalex.org/W2107907479","https://openalex.org/W3009560013","https://openalex.org/W2361461552","https://openalex.org/W2061710855","https://openalex.org/W2374433114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"modern":[1],"power":[2,58],"systems":[3],"are":[4,221,230],"experiencing":[5],"exceptional":[6],"changes":[7],"with":[8,78,194],"increasing":[9],"penetrations":[10],"of":[11,37,74,89,130,159,197,203],"inverter-based":[12],"resources":[13,163],"(IBRs),":[14],"system":[15,46,50,59,188],"restoration":[16],"using":[17,207],"IBRs":[18],"has":[19],"received":[20],"attention.":[21],"Using":[22],"local":[23],"grid-forming":[24],"(GFM)":[25],"assets":[26,198],"near":[27],"consumers,":[28],"engineered":[29],"to":[30,118,143,167,177],"establish":[31],"grid":[32],"voltages":[33],"in":[34,96],"the":[35,56,71,75,87,93,123,131,134,169],"absence":[36],"a":[38,44,100,114,187,195,215],"stiff":[39],"grid,":[40],"i.e.,":[41],"bottom-up":[42],"restoration,":[43,60],"distribution":[45,219],"could":[47],"obtain":[48],"high":[49,191],"resilience":[51,192],"by":[52],"not":[53],"relying":[54],"on":[55],"bulk":[57],"which":[61],"requires":[62],"significant":[63],"human":[64],"intervention":[65],"and":[66,92,113,140,147,209,227],"procedure.":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69],"studies":[70],"technical":[72,94],"feasibility":[73],"novel":[76],"approach":[77],"detailed":[79,101],"electromagnetic":[80],"transient":[81],"(EMT)":[82],"simulations.":[83],"To":[84,126],"thoroughly":[85],"evaluate":[86],"potential":[88],"GFM":[90,175,211],"inverters":[91,176],"challenges":[95],"IBR-driven":[97],"black":[98,124,179,205],"start,":[99,206],"three-phase":[102],"inverter":[103],"model":[104],"is":[105,164],"developed,":[106],"including":[107],"negative-sequence":[108],"control":[109],"for":[110,214,224],"voltage":[111],"balance":[112],"phase-by-phase":[115],"current":[116],"limiter":[117],"sustain":[119],"momentary":[120],"overloading":[121],"during":[122],"start.":[125],"examine":[127],"dynamic":[128],"aspects":[129],"black-start":[132,170],"process,":[133],"EMT":[135],"simulation":[136],"also":[137,165],"models":[138],"transformer":[139],"motor":[141],"dynamics":[142],"emulate":[144],"their":[145],"inrush":[146],"startup":[148],"behaviors":[149],"as":[150,152],"well":[151],"network":[153],"dynamics.":[154],"In":[155],"addition,":[156],"active":[157],"involvement":[158],"grid-following":[160],"distributed":[161],"energy":[162],"studied":[166],"facilitate":[168],"process.":[171],"By":[172],"allowing":[173],"multiple":[174],"collectively":[178],"start":[180],"without":[181],"leader-follower":[182],"coordination,":[183],"we":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"that":[186],"can":[189],"achieve":[190],"even":[193],"fraction":[196],"lost.":[199],"Two":[200],"test":[201],"cases":[202],"inverter-driven":[204],"two":[208],"one":[210],"inverters,":[212],"respectively,":[213],"heavily":[216],"unbalanced":[217],"2-MVA":[218],"feeder":[220],"demonstrated.":[222],"Takeaways":[223],"further":[225],"study":[226],"field":[228],"deployment":[229],"provided.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
