{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107019965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt49243.2021.9372191","title":"A Data-Driven Study to Discover, Characterize, and Classify Convergence Bidding Strategies in California ISO Energy Market","display_name":"A Data-Driven Study to Discover, Characterize, and Classify Convergence Bidding Strategies in California ISO Energy Market","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107019965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt49243.2021.9372191","mag":"3107019965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt49243.2021.9372191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt49243.2021.9372191","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00076","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012003381","display_name":"Ehsan Samani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1438-061X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Samani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Riverside, CA","University of California,Department of electrical and Computer Engineering,Riverside,CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Riverside, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Department of electrical and Computer Engineering,Riverside,CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010390337","display_name":"Hamed Mohsenian\u2010Rad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7215-5632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Mohsenian-Rad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Riverside, CA","University of California,Department of electrical and Computer Engineering,Riverside,CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Riverside, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Department of electrical and Computer Engineering,Riverside,CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidding","display_name":"Bidding","score":0.9434170722961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6628729701042175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.5990257263183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-market","display_name":"Electricity market","score":0.5372495651245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.43803077936172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.43186917901039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clearance","display_name":"Clearance","score":0.4234154224395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.3924409747123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.36744892597198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3301665782928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.3174196481704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13673970103263855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9233905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276328","display_name":"Bidding","level":2,"score":0.9434170722961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6628729701042175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5990257263183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146733006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676081","display_name":"Electricity market","level":3,"score":0.5372495651245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.43803077936172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.43186917901039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138944611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163287","display_name":"Clearance","level":2,"score":0.4234154224395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3924409747123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.36744892597198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3301665782928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.3174196481704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13673970103263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126894567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650","display_name":"Urology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt49243.2021.9372191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt49243.2021.9372191","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.00076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00076","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3107019965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.00076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2012.00076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.00076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00076","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.00076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7659117570","display_name":"Understanding the Complex Impact of Convergence Bids on Wholesale Electricity Markets: Current and Future Implications","funder_award_id":"1711944","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107019965.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107019965.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W846858325","https://openalex.org/W1978527233","https://openalex.org/W1991644919","https://openalex.org/W2019552886","https://openalex.org/W2080689291","https://openalex.org/W2188395401","https://openalex.org/W2462649094","https://openalex.org/W2570239618","https://openalex.org/W2608001695","https://openalex.org/W2888923769","https://openalex.org/W2897193985","https://openalex.org/W2905803040","https://openalex.org/W2939171541","https://openalex.org/W2963745227","https://openalex.org/W2968290425","https://openalex.org/W3016318980","https://openalex.org/W3123634157","https://openalex.org/W3124513544","https://openalex.org/W6694581952"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3138915538","https://openalex.org/W3199044311","https://openalex.org/W2775085781","https://openalex.org/W2997042992","https://openalex.org/W2603518114","https://openalex.org/W3204740065","https://openalex.org/W2155933286","https://openalex.org/W2071842498","https://openalex.org/W2041648751","https://openalex.org/W3139627008","https://openalex.org/W2354031493","https://openalex.org/W2357804362","https://openalex.org/W2356613068","https://openalex.org/W2231208644","https://openalex.org/W1649839","https://openalex.org/W2100013239","https://openalex.org/W2803761663","https://openalex.org/W1914007693","https://openalex.org/W2389671967","https://openalex.org/W2732330984"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convergence":[0,28],"bidding,":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"adopted":[4],"in":[5,14,46,60,67,185,196,240],"recent":[6],"years":[7,73],"by":[8],"most":[9,220],"Independent":[10],"System":[11],"Operators":[12],"(ISOs)":[13],"the":[15,34,37,47,52,79,100,109,115,122,124,133,147,151,165,200,219,233,241],"United":[16],"States":[17],"as":[18],"a":[19,44,87],"relatively":[20],"new":[21],"market":[22,26,53,76,154,222],"mechanism":[23],"to":[24,173],"enhance":[25],"efficiency.":[27],"bidding":[29,148,180,205,226,235],"affects":[30],"many":[31],"aspects":[32],"of":[33,36,74,92,102,111,117,126,135,150,161,190,218,232],"operation":[35],"electricity":[38],"markets":[39],"and":[40,98,131,138,175,207,211],"there":[41],"is":[42],"currently":[43,238],"gap":[45],"literature":[48],"on":[49,108],"understanding":[50],"how":[51,216],"participants":[54,223],"strategically":[55],"select":[56],"their":[57,112,139,177,209],"convergence":[58,95,105,179],"bids":[59,96],"practice.":[61,197],"To":[62],"address":[63],"this":[64,68],"open":[65],"Problem,":[66],"paper,":[69],"we":[70,85,145],"study":[71],"three":[72,187],"real-world":[75],"data":[77,88],"from":[78],"California":[80,166],"ISO":[81,167],"energy":[82],"market.":[83,168],"First,":[84],"provide":[86],"-":[89],"driven":[90],"overview":[91],"all":[93,162],"submitted":[94,113,127],"(CBs)":[97],"analyze":[99],"performance":[101],"each":[103],"individual":[104],"bidder":[106],"based":[107],"number":[110,116],"CBs,":[114,123,132,137],"locations":[118],"that":[119,156,193,228,237],"they":[120],"placed":[121],"percentage":[125],"supply":[128],"or":[129,142],"demand":[130],"amount":[134],"cleared":[136],"gained":[140],"profit":[141],"loss.":[143],"Next,":[144],"scrutinize":[146],"strategies":[149,192,227],"13":[152],"largest":[153],"players":[155],"account":[157],"for":[158],"75":[159],"%":[160],"CBs":[163],"in.":[164],"We":[169,198,213],"identify":[170,199],"quantitative":[171],"features":[172],"characterize":[174],"distinguish":[176],"different":[178,188],"strategies.":[181],"This":[182],"analysis":[183],"results":[184],"revealing":[186],"classes":[189,206],"CB":[191],"are":[194,224],"used":[195],"differences":[201],"between.":[202],"these":[203],"strategic":[204,234],"compare":[208],"advantages":[210],"disadvantages.":[212],"also":[214],"explain":[215],"some":[217],"active":[221],"using":[225],"do":[229],"not":[230],"any":[231],"methods":[236],"exist":[239],"literature.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}