{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3022794761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt45199.2020.9087744","title":"Machine Learning-Based PV Reserve Determination Strategy for Frequency Control on the WECC System","display_name":"Machine Learning-Based PV Reserve Determination Strategy for Frequency Control on the WECC System","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3022794761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt45199.2020.9087744","mag":"3022794761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt45199.2020.9087744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt45199.2020.9087744","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Power &amp; Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1764458","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000644019","display_name":"Haoyu Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0087-8238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden,CO,USA","National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden,CO,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067127694","display_name":"Jin Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0599-7730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden,CO,USA","National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden,CO,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052718895","display_name":"Yingchen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-0971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingchen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden,CO,USA","National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden,CO,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073606144","display_name":"Samanvitha Murthy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5329-4530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samanvitha Murthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028455892","display_name":"Shutang You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3158-3643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shutang You","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee,Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science,Knoxville Knoxville,TN,USA","Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee,Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science,Knoxville Knoxville,TN,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402297","display_name":"Hongyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3704-0618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee,Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science,Knoxville Knoxville,TN,USA","Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee,Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science,Knoxville Knoxville,TN,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045114448","display_name":"Yu Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-8702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee,Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science,Knoxville Knoxville,TN,USA","Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee,Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science,Knoxville Knoxville,TN,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineer and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101920116","display_name":"Yilu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6707-9062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge,TN,USA","Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge,TN,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6808,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89937055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5380043983459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.5133987665176392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48966649174690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.4398263096809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.43287211656570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3726924657821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2981741726398468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1939045488834381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08367142081260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08266675472259521}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5380043983459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.5133987665176392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48966649174690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.4398263096809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.43287211656570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3726924657821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2981741726398468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1939045488834381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08367142081260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08266675472259521}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt45199.2020.9087744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt45199.2020.9087744","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Power &amp; Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1764458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1764458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1764458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1764458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W196398578","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2506791182","https://openalex.org/W2553566779","https://openalex.org/W2612034967","https://openalex.org/W2789630526","https://openalex.org/W2996489182","https://openalex.org/W4248423009","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2615607975","https://openalex.org/W2355865573","https://openalex.org/W2155981143","https://openalex.org/W2155245395","https://openalex.org/W2192101006","https://openalex.org/W2116800748","https://openalex.org/W2190465783","https://openalex.org/W2638730922","https://openalex.org/W2381267592","https://openalex.org/W2027827693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frequency":[0],"control":[1,145],"from":[2],"photovoltaic":[3],"(PV)":[4],"power":[5,18],"plants":[6],"has":[7],"great":[8],"potential":[9],"to":[10,29,63,125],"address":[11],"the":[12,17,31,65,97,111,133,141],"frequency":[13,70,144],"response":[14],"challenge":[15],"of":[16,23,85,110,118],"system":[19,113],"with":[20],"high":[21],"penetrations":[22],"renewable":[24,88],"generation.":[25],"Using":[26],"model-based":[27],"approaches":[28],"determine":[30,64,140],"optimal":[32,66,142],"PV":[33,67,122,143],"headroom":[34,123],"reserve,":[35],"however,":[36],"requires":[37],"significant":[38],"online":[39],"computation":[40],"and":[41,79,114,138],"is":[42,58,77,102,130],"intractable":[43],"for":[44,60,69,147],"an":[45],"interconnection":[46,149],"level":[47],"system.":[48,95],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"proposes":[51],"a":[52,86,105,116,126],"machine":[53,74],"learning":[54,75],"based":[55],"strategy,":[56],"that":[57,132],"suitable":[59],"real-time":[61],"operation,":[62],"reserve":[68,99,146],"control.":[71],"The":[72],"proposed":[73,98,134],"algorithm":[76],"trained":[78],"tested":[80],"on":[81,104],"1,987":[82],"offline":[83],"simulations":[84],"60%":[87],"penetration":[89],"Western":[90],"Electricity":[91],"Coordinating":[92],"Council":[93],"(WECC)":[94],"Furthermore,":[96],"determination":[100],"strategy":[101,135],"applied":[103],"realistic":[106,148],"1-day":[107],"operation":[108],"profile":[109],"WECC":[112],"demonstrates":[115],"savings":[117],"more":[119],"than":[120],"40%":[121],"compared":[124],"conservative":[127],"approach.":[128],"It":[129],"evident":[131],"can":[136],"efficiently":[137],"effectively":[139],"systems.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
