{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967164492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2019.8791582","title":"Cyber-Physical Security of State Estimation Against Attacks on Wide-Area Load Shedding Protection Schemes","display_name":"Cyber-Physical Security of State Estimation Against Attacks on Wide-Area Load Shedding Protection Schemes","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967164492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2019.8791582","mag":"2967164492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt.2019.8791582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2019.8791582","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088346954","display_name":"Abdelrahman Ayad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-3001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdelrahman Ayad","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Department, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Department, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055330340","display_name":"Mohsen Khalaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-9319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Khalaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Department, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Department, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020667524","display_name":"Ehab F. El\u2010Saadany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0172-0686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehab F. El-Saadany","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088346954"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6653,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70023585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-shedding","display_name":"Load Shedding","score":0.7570302486419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.6520938873291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5088112950325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47433963418006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"Power-system protection","score":0.4245149791240692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.38453832268714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36284133791923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.324798583984375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Load Shedding","level":4,"score":0.7570302486419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.6520938873291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5088112950325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47433963418006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.4245149791240692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.38453832268714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36284133791923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.324798583984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt.2019.8791582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2019.8791582","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309593","display_name":"Utah Agricultural Experiment Station","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489327260","https://openalex.org/W1521492382","https://openalex.org/W1606499049","https://openalex.org/W1972623586","https://openalex.org/W1984563492","https://openalex.org/W1991132986","https://openalex.org/W2012967685","https://openalex.org/W2022810949","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2056080625","https://openalex.org/W2098897917","https://openalex.org/W2100445566","https://openalex.org/W2140900554","https://openalex.org/W2148213050","https://openalex.org/W2198036596","https://openalex.org/W2330194958","https://openalex.org/W2343257364","https://openalex.org/W2485739003","https://openalex.org/W2548657977","https://openalex.org/W2594271067","https://openalex.org/W2764917955","https://openalex.org/W2879766152","https://openalex.org/W2906609376","https://openalex.org/W4232446216","https://openalex.org/W4293763091","https://openalex.org/W6702008327"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014922968","https://openalex.org/W2066910221","https://openalex.org/W2991998379","https://openalex.org/W2035823501","https://openalex.org/W2054087328","https://openalex.org/W1865483837","https://openalex.org/W2748083280","https://openalex.org/W2544162450","https://openalex.org/W3157036826","https://openalex.org/W2155742919"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wide-Area":[0],"Load":[1],"Shedding":[2],"(WALS)":[3],"protection":[4,56,76,106],"schemes":[5,8,27,57,77,80],"are":[6,28,78,86],"the":[7,23,52,64,94,104,110,113,126,134,138,148,162],"used":[9,29],"in":[10,22,51,60,63],"power":[11,24,32,65,128],"system":[12,33,66,119],"to":[13,30,41,152],"perform":[14],"a":[15,19,44],"load":[16,139,156],"shedding":[17,140,157],"after":[18],"large":[20,45],"disturbance":[21],"system.":[25],"These":[26],"avoid":[31],"cascading":[34],"if":[35],"all":[36],"other":[37],"remedial":[38],"means":[39],"fail":[40],"mitigate":[42],"against":[43,88],"disturbance.":[46],"Hence,":[47],"any":[48],"small":[49],"mistake":[50],"operation":[53],"of":[54,96,165],"WALS":[55,75,105],"may":[58],"result":[59,146],"huge":[61],"damage":[62],"i.e.,":[67],"blackouts,":[68],"component":[69],"damage,":[70],"service":[71],"disruption,":[72],"etc.":[73],"Since":[74],"centralized":[79],"that":[81,133],"use":[82],"communication":[83],"system,":[84],"they":[85],"vulnerable":[87],"cyber":[89,101],"attacks.":[90],"This":[91],"paper":[92],"shows":[93],"effects":[95],"False":[97],"Data":[98],"Injection":[99],"(FDI)":[100],"attacks":[102,124],"on":[103],"schemes.":[107],"To":[108],"validate":[109],"problem":[111],"formulation,":[112],"IEEE":[114],"39":[115],"bus":[116],"New":[117],"England":[118],"is":[120],"simulated":[121],"under":[122],"FDI":[123],"using":[125],"AC":[127],"flow.":[129],"The":[130],"results":[131],"show":[132],"attacker":[135],"can":[136],"alter":[137],"distribution":[141],"or":[142],"location,":[143],"and":[144,159],"as":[145],"forces":[147],"control":[149],"center":[150],"operator":[151],"make":[153],"an":[154],"unintended":[155],"decision":[158],"deviate":[160],"from":[161],"optimal":[163],"course":[164],"action.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}