{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969159229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2019.8791564","title":"Vulnerabilities of Line Current Differential Relays to Cyber-Attacks","display_name":"Vulnerabilities of Line Current Differential Relays to Cyber-Attacks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969159229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2019.8791564","mag":"2969159229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt.2019.8791564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2019.8791564","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Power &amp; Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115599773","display_name":"Amir Ameli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amir Ameli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080496540","display_name":"Aram Kirakosyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7251-0673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aram Kirakosyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013146150","display_name":"Khaled A. Saleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2722-7021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281735042","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled A. Saleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["CanmetENERGY-Varennes, Natural Resources Canada, Varennes, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CanmetENERGY-Varennes, Natural Resources Canada, Varennes, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020667524","display_name":"Ehab F. El\u2010Saadany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0172-0686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehab F. El-Saadany","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115599773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5038,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65666308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.7131921052932739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.7087831497192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6378993988037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.6126236319541931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protective-relay","display_name":"Protective relay","score":0.5711710453033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5497477650642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.520179033279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.4249374270439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4105808734893799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3665013909339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3344593048095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3118002116680145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26645809412002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.08778584003448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06898170709609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.06808716058731079}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.7131921052932739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.7087831497192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6378993988037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6126236319541931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2412688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503732","display_name":"Protective relay","level":4,"score":0.5711710453033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5497477650642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.520179033279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.4249374270439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4105808734893799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3665013909339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3344593048095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3118002116680145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26645809412002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.08778584003448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06898170709609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.06808716058731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt.2019.8791564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2019.8791564","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Power &amp; Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309593","display_name":"Utah Agricultural Experiment Station","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W953009199","https://openalex.org/W1966519299","https://openalex.org/W1977814966","https://openalex.org/W1996052129","https://openalex.org/W2006095291","https://openalex.org/W2055090962","https://openalex.org/W2080326549","https://openalex.org/W2082281040","https://openalex.org/W2083646602","https://openalex.org/W2115556004","https://openalex.org/W2119740108","https://openalex.org/W2124816894","https://openalex.org/W2158206121","https://openalex.org/W2289011413","https://openalex.org/W2315510390","https://openalex.org/W2330194958","https://openalex.org/W2507428423","https://openalex.org/W2549981724","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2566533617","https://openalex.org/W2592597630","https://openalex.org/W2620766358","https://openalex.org/W2751554702","https://openalex.org/W2766103644","https://openalex.org/W2766130346","https://openalex.org/W2770337116","https://openalex.org/W2800842075","https://openalex.org/W4205556238","https://openalex.org/W6624918798","https://openalex.org/W6702008327","https://openalex.org/W6731781941","https://openalex.org/W6734169869","https://openalex.org/W6743650302","https://openalex.org/W6751020464"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973873454","https://openalex.org/W2100658179","https://openalex.org/W3142892065","https://openalex.org/W4308082933","https://openalex.org/W2384133917","https://openalex.org/W2056980334","https://openalex.org/W2673189356","https://openalex.org/W2327779871","https://openalex.org/W2186816342","https://openalex.org/W2159567246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Being":[0],"fast":[1],"and":[2,23,44,63,86],"highly":[3],"reliable":[4],"under":[5],"different":[6],"conditions,":[7],"line":[8],"current":[9],"differential":[10],"relays":[11],"(LCDRs)":[12],"are":[13,18,29,72,99],"high-end":[14],"protective":[15],"devices":[16],"that":[17],"deployed":[19],"to":[20,31,55,65],"protect":[21],"DC":[22,85,112],"critical":[24],"AC":[25,87,105],"lines.":[26],"LCDRs,":[27],"however,":[28],"vulnerable":[30],"cyber":[32],"attacks,":[33],"since":[34],"this":[35,76],"type":[36],"of":[37],"relay":[38],"is":[39],"dependent":[40],"on":[41,101,110],"communication":[42],"infrastructure":[43],"the":[45,95,102],"global":[46],"positioning":[47],"system":[48],"(GPS).":[49],"This":[50],"susceptibility":[51],"may":[52],"enable":[53],"attackers":[54],"fool":[56],"LCDRs":[57,83],"into":[58],"issuing":[59],"unwarranted":[60],"trip":[61],"signals,":[62],"potentially":[64],"create":[66,90],"an":[67],"instability":[68],"if":[69],"several":[70],"attacks":[71,81],"coordinated.":[73],"Through":[74],"case-studies,":[75],"paper":[77],"shows":[78],"how":[79],"coordinated":[80],"against":[82],"in":[84,94],"networks":[88],"can":[89],"a":[91,111],"voltage":[92],"collapse":[93],"system.":[96],"The":[97],"case-studies":[98],"carried":[100],"IEEE":[103],"14-bus":[104],"network,":[106],"as":[107,109],"well":[108],"microgrid.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
