{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2155016712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2012.6175781","title":"Necessary and sufficient conditions for observability in power systems","display_name":"Necessary and sufficient conditions for observability in power systems","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2155016712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2012.6175781","mag":"2155016712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt.2012.6175781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2012.6175781","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028426916","display_name":"Giang Binh Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5019-3144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giang Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automatic Control Engineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automatic Control Engineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047282613","display_name":"Arman Kiani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6956-0522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arman Kiani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automatic Control Engineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automatic Control Engineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082528518","display_name":"Anuradha M. Annaswamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4354-0459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anuradha Annaswamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachussets Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachussets Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052769341","display_name":"Yoav Sharon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoav Sharon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachussets Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachussets Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052185071","display_name":"A.L. Motto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexis L. Motto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens Corporate Research, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens Corporate Research, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101726374","display_name":"Amit Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-6708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens Corporate Research, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens Corporate Research, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7495,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76320425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.9955763816833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6230705380439758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5697654485702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebraic-number","display_name":"Algebraic number","score":0.5153457522392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.4909067749977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4530392289161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.44521528482437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43955257534980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.43266257643699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42017900943756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.36019229888916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.19790050387382507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.0701102614402771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.9955763816833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6230705380439758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5697654485702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9376300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168817","display_name":"Algebraic number","level":2,"score":0.5153457522392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4909067749977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4530392289161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.44521528482437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43955257534980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.43266257643699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42017900943756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36019229888916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.19790050387382507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.0701102614402771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt.2012.6175781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2012.6175781","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605663379","https://openalex.org/W1554492403","https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1980378320","https://openalex.org/W1980949799","https://openalex.org/W1994368767","https://openalex.org/W2054256383","https://openalex.org/W2077371116","https://openalex.org/W2087768126","https://openalex.org/W2110954114","https://openalex.org/W2115108333","https://openalex.org/W2124691692","https://openalex.org/W2132708566","https://openalex.org/W2140900554","https://openalex.org/W2144592811","https://openalex.org/W2149686805","https://openalex.org/W2212004381","https://openalex.org/W2275798755","https://openalex.org/W3145187553","https://openalex.org/W3215223030","https://openalex.org/W4239804854","https://openalex.org/W6688537661"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046459260","https://openalex.org/W2765830098","https://openalex.org/W2967463586","https://openalex.org/W1971989957","https://openalex.org/W2517338020","https://openalex.org/W3157641275","https://openalex.org/W4312300846","https://openalex.org/W4200370596","https://openalex.org/W2108583601","https://openalex.org/W1990131059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,137,157],"notion":[1],"of":[2,7,12,22,79,106,111,134,141,172],"observability,":[3],"is":[4,44,50,64,72,145],"a":[5,13,19,36,54,101,109,165],"measure":[6],"how":[8],"well":[9,130,177],"internal":[10],"states":[11],"system":[14,174],"can":[15,160],"be":[16,123,161],"reconstructed":[17],"using":[18,152],"given":[20],"set":[21,110],"measurements.":[23,136],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"we":[27],"derive":[28],"necessary":[29,65],"and":[30,47,85,88,104,139],"sufficient":[31,40,68,112],"conditions":[32,41,113,119],"for":[33,42,57,69,96,116],"observability":[34,43,49,63],"in":[35],"power":[37,90],"system.":[38,156],"Deriving":[39],"quite":[45],"difficult":[46],"algebraic":[48,62],"often":[51],"used":[52],"as":[53,129,131,164,176,178],"surrogate":[55],"tool":[56,167],"observability.":[58,70,117],"We":[59],"show":[60],"that":[61,75],"but":[66],"not":[67],"It":[71],"also":[73,146],"shown":[74,121],"standard":[76],"measurement":[77,98,173],"sets":[78],"at":[80],"least":[81],"one":[82],"voltage":[83],"measurement,":[84],"paired":[86],"active":[87],"reactive":[89],"measurements":[91],"may":[92],"lead":[93],"to":[94,122,181],"unobservability":[95],"certain":[97],"configurations.":[99],"Using":[100],"nonlinear":[102],"transformation":[103],"properties":[105,128],"graph":[107],"theory,":[108],"are":[114,120,150],"derived":[115],"These":[118],"dependent":[124],"on":[125],"the":[126,132,142,169],"topological":[127],"type":[133],"available":[135],"efficiency":[138],"robustness":[140],"proposed":[143,158],"approach":[144],"discussed.":[147],"All":[148],"results":[149],"validated":[151],"an":[153],"IEEE-14":[154],"bus":[155],"method":[159],"utilized":[162],"off-line":[163],"planning":[166],"during":[168],"initial":[170],"stages":[171],"design":[175],"on-line":[179],"prior":[180],"state":[182],"estimation.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}