{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2026677759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2012.6175658","title":"Economic analysis of vehicle-to-grid (V2G)-enabled fleets participating in the regulation service market","display_name":"Economic analysis of vehicle-to-grid (V2G)-enabled fleets participating in the regulation service market","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2026677759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2012.6175658","mag":"2026677759"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt.2012.6175658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2012.6175658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035795318","display_name":"A. De Los Rios","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. De Los R\u00edos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142 USA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038257605","display_name":"Jarrod Goentzel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5689-300X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Goentzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Supply Chain Management Program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Supply Chain Management Program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033746528","display_name":"Kristen E Nordstrom","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. E. Nordstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142 USA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071161204","display_name":"Clayton W Siegert","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801315873","display_name":"Somerville Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/023pf5e38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124574311","https://openalex.org/I2801315873"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. W. Siegert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Co-Founder & VP Supply Chain at XL Hybrids, Somerville, MA 02143 USA","Co-Founder & VP Supply Chain at XL Hybrids, Somerville, MA 02143 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Co-Founder & VP Supply Chain at XL Hybrids, Somerville, MA 02143 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801315873"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Co-Founder & VP Supply Chain at XL Hybrids, Somerville, MA 02143 USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035795318"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2255,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96754057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-to-grid","display_name":"Vehicle-to-grid","score":0.6960479021072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.6744111776351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5990831851959229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.4783710539340973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.47270628809928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truck","display_name":"Truck","score":0.46459341049194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-combustion-engine","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","score":0.41330045461654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.3899230659008026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.38339486718177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38305652141571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3744044303894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.2343517541885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17093610763549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.13794493675231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10184511542320251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780068603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783938","display_name":"Vehicle-to-grid","level":4,"score":0.6960479021072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.6744111776351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5990831851959229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.4783710539340973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.47270628809928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52121051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193","display_name":"Truck","level":2,"score":0.46459341049194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511840579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","level":2,"score":0.41330045461654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3899230659008026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.38339486718177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38305652141571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3744044303894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2343517541885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17093610763549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.13794493675231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10184511542320251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isgt.2012.6175658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2012.6175658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1596980432","https://openalex.org/W2061771380","https://openalex.org/W2071291893","https://openalex.org/W2080064039","https://openalex.org/W2100115181","https://openalex.org/W4239467849","https://openalex.org/W6635755152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126303376","https://openalex.org/W2571827127","https://openalex.org/W3216881405","https://openalex.org/W3025223518","https://openalex.org/W4280554332","https://openalex.org/W2581647155","https://openalex.org/W2544946611","https://openalex.org/W2998808119","https://openalex.org/W4366374081","https://openalex.org/W2916229586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle-to-grid":[0],"(V2G)":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3,61,68,92,97],"system":[4,28,99],"where":[5],"electric":[6,12,19],"vehicles":[7,13,150],"(EV)":[8],"and":[9,38,77,90,133,143],"plug-in":[10],"hybrid":[11],"(PHEV)":[14],"can":[15,156],"connect":[16],"to":[17,40,73,158],"the":[18,33,44,75,114,162],"grid":[20,27,98],"an":[21],"participate":[22],"in":[23],"markets":[24],"managed":[25],"by":[26,96],"operators.":[29],"This":[30],"paper":[31],"evaluates":[32],"opportunities":[34],"for":[35,67,140],"V2G-enabled":[36],"EVs":[37],"PHEVs":[39],"realize":[41],"revenues":[42],"from":[43],"regulation":[45],"market":[46],"that":[47,131],"offset":[48,159],"operating":[49,138],"costs,":[50],"making":[51],"them":[52],"more":[53],"cost":[54,117,164],"competitive":[55],"with":[56,167],"conventional":[57],"vehicles.":[58],"We":[59],"built":[60],"ten-year":[62],"net":[63],"cash":[64],"flow":[65],"model":[66,94],"fleet":[69,154],"of":[70,79,104,111,118,161,165],"delivery":[71,144],"trucks":[72],"assess":[74],"costs":[76],"benefits":[78],"adopting":[80],"this":[81],"technology.":[82],"To":[83],"project":[84],"potential":[85],"V2G":[86,168],"revenue,":[87],"we":[88,107,121],"modified":[89],"adapted":[91],"simulation":[93],"developed":[95],"operator.":[100],"Based":[101],"on":[102,125],"exploration":[103],"numerous":[105],"scenarios":[106],"determined":[108],"which":[109],"combination":[110],"factors":[112],"produced":[113],"lowest":[115],"total":[116,163],"ownership.":[119],"Additionally,":[120],"conducted":[122],"sensitivity":[123],"analysis":[124],"battery":[126],"size.":[127],"Our":[128],"results":[129],"indicate":[130],"EV":[132],"PHEV":[134],"fleets":[135],"offer":[136],"lower":[137],"expenses":[139],"urban":[141],"pickup":[142],"services":[145],"than":[146],"internal":[147],"combustion":[148],"engine":[149],"(ICE).":[151],"In":[152],"addition,":[153],"managers":[155],"expect":[157],"5-11%":[160],"ownership":[166],"revenue.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}