{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411204259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isdfs65363.2025.11012041","title":"CrossSentry: A Cross-Layer Approach to Ransomware Detection in IoT","display_name":"CrossSentry: A Cross-Layer Approach to Ransomware Detection in IoT","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411204259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isdfs65363.2025.11012041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isdfs65363.2025.11012041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isdfs65363.2025.11012041","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 13th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011038798","display_name":"Farhad Mofidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1182-3762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I888729015","display_name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs","ror":"https://ror.org/054spjc55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farhad Mofidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Colorado Springs,Department of Computer Science,Colorado Springs,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs,Department of Computer Science,Colorado Springs,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086593747","display_name":"Sena G Hounsinou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99069390","display_name":"Metropolitan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/056rp9e47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91221267","https://openalex.org/I99069390"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sena G Hounsinou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Metro State University,Department of Computer Science,Saint Paul,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Metro State University,Department of Computer Science,Saint Paul,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99069390"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055170166","display_name":"Gedare Bloom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5677-7092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I888729015","display_name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs","ror":"https://ror.org/054spjc55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gedare Bloom","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Colorado Springs,Department of Computer Science,Colorado Springs,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs,Department of Computer Science,Colorado Springs,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011038798"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I888729015"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4724,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81661418,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ransomware","display_name":"Ransomware","score":0.8603484630584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6720431447029114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5985441207885742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.5446644425392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2458643615245819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.2320515513420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.0804356038570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.07144826650619507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777667771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926331","display_name":"Ransomware","level":3,"score":0.8603484630584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6720431447029114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5985441207885742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5446644425392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2458643615245819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.2320515513420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0804356038570404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.07144826650619507}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isdfs65363.2025.11012041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isdfs65363.2025.11012041","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 13th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3201228709","https://openalex.org/W2922354075","https://openalex.org/W4389157351","https://openalex.org/W4232561318","https://openalex.org/W3202245533","https://openalex.org/W4253977752","https://openalex.org/W2942879794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,94],"continuous":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,5,8,15,72,81,150,192],"devices":[4],"the":[6,13,126,151,158,184],"Internet":[7],"Things":[9],"(IoT)":[10],"has":[11],"increased":[12],"risk":[14],"ransomware":[16,199],"attacks.":[17],"Conventional":[18],"detection":[19,48,61,74,163],"techniques":[20,98],"rely":[21],"on":[22],"more":[23],"specific":[24],"data":[25],"sources,":[26],"and":[27,56,63,88,112,174,189],"isolated":[28],"layers":[29,58,149],"typically":[30],"prove":[31],"insufficient":[32],"in":[33,134,161,177,201],"com-plex,":[34],"resource-constrained":[35],"environments":[36],"like":[37,99],"IoT":[38,152,179,206],"systems.":[39,180],"In":[40],"this":[41],"work,":[42],"we":[43],"present":[44],"CrossSentry,":[45,193],"a":[46,69,168],"cross-layer":[47],"framework":[49],"that":[50,130],"employs":[51],"metrics":[52],"from":[53],"perception,":[54],"network,":[55],"middleware":[57],"to":[59,76,116,123,198],"enhance":[60],"accuracy":[62],"reduce":[64],"false":[65],"positives.":[66],"CrossSentry":[67,124,154],"integrates":[68],"weighted":[70],"ensemble":[71],"anomaly":[73],"algorithms":[75],"tie":[77],"up":[78],"multiple":[79],"indicators":[80],"file":[82],"system":[83,95],"alterations,":[84],"network":[85],"traffic":[86],"changes,":[87],"hardware":[89],"performance":[90,140],"counters":[91],"into":[92],"decision-making.":[93],"uses":[96],"statistical":[97],"Z-Score":[100],"normalization":[101],"with":[102],"machine":[103],"learning":[104],"approaches":[105],"(Isolation":[106],"Forest,":[107],"One-Class":[108],"Support":[109],"Vector":[110],"Machine,":[111],"Local":[113],"Outlier":[114],"Factor)":[115],"detect":[117],"even":[118,141],"slight":[119],"ransomware-indicative":[120],"behaviors.":[121],"Central":[122],"is":[125],"adaptive":[127],"decision":[128],"mechanism":[129],"accords":[131],"layer-specific":[132],"importance":[133],"real":[135],"time;":[136],"thus,":[137],"ensuring":[138],"op-timal":[139],"when":[142],"computationally":[143],"challenged.":[144],"Using":[145],"knowledge":[146],"across":[147],"several":[148],"stack,":[153],"not":[155],"only":[156],"addresses":[157],"fragmentation":[159],"inherent":[160],"existing":[162],"methods":[164],"but":[165],"also":[166],"lays":[167],"scalable":[169],"foundation":[170],"for":[171],"future":[172],"validation":[173],"practical":[175],"deployment":[176],"diverse":[178],"This":[181],"paper":[182],"examines":[183],"theoretical":[185],"basis,":[186],"architectural":[187],"innovation,":[188],"empirical":[190],"potential":[191],"thus":[194],"providing":[195],"an":[196,202],"alternative":[197],"defense":[200],"increasingly":[203],"distributed":[204],"dynamic":[205],"environment.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}