{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2944691285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2018.8706685","title":"Evaluating Modeling Units and Sub-word Features in Language Models for Turkish ASR","display_name":"Evaluating Modeling Units and Sub-word Features in Language Models for Turkish ASR","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2944691285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2018.8706685","mag":"2944691285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscslp.2018.8706685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2018.8706685","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 11th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing (ISCSLP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353359","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3094-8153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101753159","display_name":"Yike Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2377-0174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yike Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036446253","display_name":"Pengyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-5160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030916575","display_name":"Yaofeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-8661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaofeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, East China Normal University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, East China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100353359"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3258,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70031817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"414","last_page":"418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8500570058822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.8340930342674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.763120710849762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.7133067846298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkish","display_name":"Turkish","score":0.6424931287765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6230183243751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6174085140228271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6038188934326172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.47719606757164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45715731382369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-language-model","display_name":"Cache language model","score":0.44407808780670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.23502814769744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10968229174613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-networking-language","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","score":0.08371126651763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06589025259017944}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8500570058822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.8340930342674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.763120710849762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.7133067846298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256","display_name":"Turkish","level":2,"score":0.6424931287765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6230183243751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6174085140228271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6038188934326172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47719606757164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45715731382369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39608478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015979","display_name":"Cache language model","level":5,"score":0.44407808780670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.23502814769744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10968229174613953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.08371126651763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06589025259017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscslp.2018.8706685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2018.8706685","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 11th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing (ISCSLP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W1519502414","https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W1938755728","https://openalex.org/W2032942114","https://openalex.org/W2047205705","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2103589071","https://openalex.org/W2130327745","https://openalex.org/W2130450156","https://openalex.org/W2155033295","https://openalex.org/W2171928131","https://openalex.org/W2250618788","https://openalex.org/W2594220118","https://openalex.org/W2761116321","https://openalex.org/W2951559648","https://openalex.org/W6607333740","https://openalex.org/W6631362777","https://openalex.org/W6636811518","https://openalex.org/W6640598943","https://openalex.org/W6745408414"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4255155614","https://openalex.org/W2394860946","https://openalex.org/W761725120","https://openalex.org/W2009170886","https://openalex.org/W2071315630","https://openalex.org/W2129812225","https://openalex.org/W1745277","https://openalex.org/W2944691285","https://openalex.org/W26527944","https://openalex.org/W2523799048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Turkish":[0,81],"is":[1,108],"a":[2,47,60],"morphologically":[3],"rich":[4],"language,":[5],"which":[6,51],"leads":[7],"to":[8,38,62],"serious":[9],"data":[10],"sparsity":[11],"problems":[12],"in":[13],"language":[14,25,91,101],"modeling":[15,26,92,102],"for":[16,110],"automatic":[17],"speech":[18],"recognition":[19],"(ASR)":[20],"tasks.":[21],"Using":[22],"sub-words":[23],"as":[24,66,90],"units":[27,103,107],"and":[28,87,104,127,135],"incorporating":[29],"sub-word":[30,54,67,72,129],"features":[31,55,68],"into":[32],"word-level":[33],"models":[34],"are":[35],"two":[36],"strategies":[37],"alleviate":[39],"the":[40,77,98,111,116,120],"problem.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"we":[45,58],"propose":[46],"novel":[48],"model":[49,79],"architecture":[50],"can":[52],"incorporate":[53],"directly.":[56],"And":[57,115],"use":[59],"CNN":[61],"learn":[63],"(sub)word":[64],"embeddings":[65],"from":[69],"character":[70],"or":[71],"level":[73,130],"input.":[74],"We":[75,84],"evaluate":[76],"proposed":[78,117],"on":[80],"ASR":[82,105],"task.":[83],"choose":[85],"word":[86,121,126],"morph":[88],"(sub-word)":[89],"unit":[93],"respectively.":[94],"Results":[95],"show":[96],"that":[97],"consistency":[99],"between":[100],"system":[106,131],"important":[109],"effectiveness":[112],"of":[113,125],"rescoring.":[114],"method":[118],"reduces":[119],"error":[122],"rate":[123],"(WER)":[124],"statistical":[128],"by":[132],"absolute":[133],"1.56%":[134],"1.87%.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}