{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2048162154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2014.6936662","title":"Word embeddings: A semi-supervised learning method for slot-filling in spoken dialog systems","display_name":"Word embeddings: A semi-supervised learning method for slot-filling in spoken dialog systems","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2048162154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2014.6936662","mag":"2048162154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscslp.2014.6936662","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2014.6936662","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 9th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011972821","display_name":"Xiaohao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6136-3575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing","Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068149448","display_name":"Zhen\u2010Feng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-6131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenfeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409741","display_name":"Jia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-0934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing","Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011972821"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08673956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"231","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.770380973815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7637432813644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.7571287751197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.7398205995559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6090019941329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5603228807449341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5054526329040527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4928028881549835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialog-box","display_name":"Dialog box","score":0.4869714677333832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4735136330127716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45975255966186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4487088918685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3390837013721466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1538945734500885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12014803290367126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.770380973815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7637432813644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.7571287751197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7398205995559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6090019941329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5603228807449341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5054526329040527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4928028881549835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173853756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q86915","display_name":"Dialog box","level":2,"score":0.4869714677333832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4735136330127716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45975255966186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4487088918685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3390837013721466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1538945734500885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12014803290367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscslp.2014.6936662","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2014.6936662","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 9th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100623710","https://openalex.org/W1500419248","https://openalex.org/W2091812280","https://openalex.org/W2097550833","https://openalex.org/W2104091251","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2122179236","https://openalex.org/W2131462252","https://openalex.org/W2132339004","https://openalex.org/W2141599568","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2154326713","https://openalex.org/W2158139315","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2164019165","https://openalex.org/W2166293310","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6679224782","https://openalex.org/W6680890276","https://openalex.org/W6682895988","https://openalex.org/W6683557909","https://openalex.org/W6683738474","https://openalex.org/W6684017090","https://openalex.org/W6684165356"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098987383","https://openalex.org/W2417260800","https://openalex.org/W1596203174","https://openalex.org/W2117933979","https://openalex.org/W2283130723","https://openalex.org/W103938586","https://openalex.org/W2104718772","https://openalex.org/W4233992201","https://openalex.org/W2368721880","https://openalex.org/W3151400124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,67,88],"the":[2,24,72,98,103,111,133],"key":[3],"components":[4],"in":[5,115,139],"spoken":[6],"dialog":[7],"systems":[8],"is":[9,50],"semantic":[10],"slot-filling,":[11],"a":[12,122],"sequence":[13],"tagging":[14],"task.":[15],"There":[16],"are":[17],"several":[18],"state-of-the-art":[19,81,134],"supervised":[20,82],"approaches":[21,74],"to":[22,46,51],"model":[23],"slot-filling":[25],"problem":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28,56],"conditional":[29],"random":[30],"fields":[31],"(CRF),":[32],"support":[33],"vector":[34],"machine":[35],"(SVM)":[36],"and":[37,84],"stochastic":[38],"finite":[39],"state":[40],"transducers":[41],"(SFST).":[42],"A":[43],"general":[44],"way":[45],"improve":[47],"their":[48],"performance":[49],"use":[52,78],"unsupervised":[53],"word":[54,68,95],"embeddings":[55,69,96],"extra":[57],"input":[58],"features.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper":[62],"we":[63],"evaluate":[64],"two":[65],"kinds":[66],"on":[70,102],"all":[71],"three":[73,79],"for":[75],"slot-filling.":[76],"We":[77],"near":[80],"baselines,":[83],"find":[85],"that":[86,107],"each":[87],"them":[89],"can":[90],"be":[91],"improved":[92],"by":[93,113,137],"plugging":[94],"into":[97],"existing":[99],"systems.":[100],"Experiments":[101],"ATIS":[104],"benchmark":[105],"show":[106],"our":[108,129],"work":[109],"outperforms":[110,132],"baseline":[112,136],"2.2%":[114],"relative":[116,140],"F1-score":[117,141],"increase":[118],"at":[119],"least.":[120],"Under":[121],"noisy":[123],"automatic":[124],"speech":[125],"recognition":[126],"(ASR)":[127],"condition,":[128],"best":[130],"system":[131],"CRF":[135],"9.6%":[138],"increase.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}