{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003625507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2010.5684483","title":"Language identification in code-switching speech using word-based lexical model","display_name":"Language identification in code-switching speech using word-based lexical model","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003625507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2010.5684483","mag":"2003625507"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscslp.2010.5684483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2010.5684483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 7th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002032106","display_name":"Dau-Cheng Lyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dau-Cheng Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological, University, Singapore","Temasek Labs Nanyang Technological University,Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological, University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Labs Nanyang Technological University,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077059176","display_name":"Ren-Yuan Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6691-6447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173093425","display_name":"Chang Gung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d80zx46","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren-Yuan Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075834382","display_name":"Cing-Lei Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122179","display_name":"Wistron (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02knfsk89","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122179"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cing-Lei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wistron Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wistron Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122179"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112454407","display_name":"Ming\u2010Tat Ko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84653119","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Tat Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan","Institute of Information Science,Academia Sinica,,Taipei,,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science,Academia Sinica,,Taipei,,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002032106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.929,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80154425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"460","last_page":"464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.851433515548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6943393349647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.6346441507339478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6338890790939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6231067776679993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6049907207489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.602517306804657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5530508160591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-switching","display_name":"Code-switching","score":0.5361407399177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4793751537799835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.44538113474845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-identification","display_name":"Word identification","score":0.42032933235168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-identification","display_name":"Language identification","score":0.41608375310897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"Word recognition","score":0.2684946656227112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.22080302238464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.19241511821746826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.851433515548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6943393349647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.6346441507339478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6338890790939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6231067776679993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6049907207489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.602517306804657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5530508160591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18552078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255615","display_name":"Code-switching","level":2,"score":0.5361407399177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4793751537799835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.44538113474845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994428975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word identification","level":4,"score":0.42032933235168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.41608375310897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.2684946656227112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.22080302238464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.19241511821746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscslp.2010.5684483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscslp.2010.5684483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 7th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87424008","https://openalex.org/W99394049","https://openalex.org/W121747529","https://openalex.org/W2013380941","https://openalex.org/W2102356979","https://openalex.org/W2114569717","https://openalex.org/W2122442817","https://openalex.org/W2144125830","https://openalex.org/W2167733672","https://openalex.org/W2168708086","https://openalex.org/W6603544574","https://openalex.org/W6604038608","https://openalex.org/W6604978991","https://openalex.org/W6678251943","https://openalex.org/W6684782818","https://openalex.org/W6685143198"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998541766","https://openalex.org/W2064542902","https://openalex.org/W2262900283","https://openalex.org/W1985349217","https://openalex.org/W2098508228","https://openalex.org/W2624072012","https://openalex.org/W1508853749","https://openalex.org/W2475268295","https://openalex.org/W69308499","https://openalex.org/W4287102199"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,20],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,36,51,74,92,100],"language":[4],"identification":[5],"(LID)":[6],"task":[7],"is":[8,48,58,91],"described":[9],"on":[10],"Mandarin/Taiwanese":[11],"code-switching":[12,89],"utterances.":[13],"The":[14,29,55],"proposed":[15],"word-based":[16,52,101],"lexical":[17,27,53,56,102],"model":[18,57],"of":[19,69,76,107],"LID":[21,118],"system":[22],"integrates":[23],"acoustic,":[24],"phonetic":[25],"and":[26,44,67],"cues.":[28],"first":[30],"two":[31],"cues":[32],"are":[33],"obtained":[34],"from":[35],"large":[37],"vocabulary":[38],"continuous":[39],"speech":[40,90],"recognition":[41],"(LYCSR)":[42],"system,":[43],"the":[45,65,80,84,88,94],"last":[46],"one":[47],"trained":[49],"for":[50],"model.":[54],"used":[59],"to":[60,64],"identify":[61],"languages":[62],"according":[63],"frequency":[66],"context":[68],"each":[70],"word":[71],"by":[72,79,98],"given":[73],"sequence":[75],"words":[77],"recognized":[78],"LVCSR":[81],"system.":[82],"Because":[83],"switching":[85],"unit":[86],"in":[87,115],"word,":[93],"experiments":[95],"showed":[96],"that,":[97],"using":[99],"model,":[103],"16%":[104],"relative":[105],"reduction":[106],"classification":[108],"errors":[109],"was":[110],"achieved":[111],"compared":[112],"with":[113],"that":[114],"those":[116],"LVSCR-based":[117],"systems.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T13:48:15.688549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
