{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406893291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscmi63661.2024.10851582","title":"Face Expression Recognition on Ojek Online for Safety Improvement Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Face Expression Recognition on Ojek Online for Safety Improvement Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406893291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscmi63661.2024.10851582"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscmi63661.2024.10851582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscmi63661.2024.10851582","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 11th International Conference on Soft Computing & Machine Intelligence (ISCMI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108940203","display_name":"Nathan Daud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177055848","display_name":"University of Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Daud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Brawijaya,Department of Informatics Engineering,Malang,Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Brawijaya,Department of Informatics Engineering,Malang,Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116057281","display_name":"Alexander Imanuel Widjanarko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177055848","display_name":"University of Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Imanuel Widjanarko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Brawijaya,Department of Information System,Malang,Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Brawijaya,Department of Information System,Malang,Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116057282","display_name":"Naomi Sitanggang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177055848","display_name":"University of Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naomi Sitanggang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Brawijaya,Department of Statistics,Malang,Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Brawijaya,Department of Statistics,Malang,Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042580876","display_name":"Diva Kurnianingtyas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0865-7790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177055848","display_name":"University of Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diva Kurnianingtyas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Brawijaya,Department of Informatics Engineering,Malang,Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Brawijaya,Department of Informatics Engineering,Malang,Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47242688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"332","last_page":"337"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.8626000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.8626000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.7429999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12406","display_name":"IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems","score":0.6987000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6015665531158447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5821667313575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression-recognition","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","score":0.49384909868240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4616829752922058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4100312292575836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.36645999550819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3385910391807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33257347345352173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.2984883785247803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6015665531158447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5821667313575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987714656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","level":4,"score":0.49384909868240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4616829752922058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4100312292575836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36645999550819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3385910391807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33257347345352173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2984883785247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscmi63661.2024.10851582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscmi63661.2024.10851582","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 11th International Conference on Soft Computing & Machine Intelligence (ISCMI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1926563137","https://openalex.org/W2768725293","https://openalex.org/W4387163326","https://openalex.org/W2787652200","https://openalex.org/W2733844492","https://openalex.org/W63491089","https://openalex.org/W2160958403","https://openalex.org/W2041367898","https://openalex.org/W1979545240","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"COVID-19,":[1],"many":[2],"workers":[3,17],"were":[4,124],"laid":[5],"off":[6],"because":[7,27,49],"the":[8,30,39,61,101,112,117,127,145,151,156,159,174,178,193,198,202,225,231,253],"company":[9],"was":[10,147,184],"struggling":[11],"with":[12,34,104,205,248],"financial":[13],"challenges.":[14],"Hence,":[15],"laid-off":[16],"have":[18,29],"switched":[19],"professions":[20],"to":[21,32,46,66,77,99,115,149,251,256],"become":[22],"Ojek":[23],"Online":[24],"(Ojol)":[25],"drivers":[26],"they":[28],"flexibility":[31],"work":[33],"adequate":[35,71],"income.":[36],"In":[37,228],"addition,":[38,229],"COVID-19":[40],"period":[41],"has":[42,60],"changed":[43],"people\u2019s":[44],"behavior":[45],"choose":[47],"Ojol":[48],"it":[50],"is":[51,196,222,239],"easy":[52],"and":[53,68,93,142,166,182,209,216,235],"practical.":[54],"The":[55,187],"growing":[56],"number":[57,232],"of":[58,63,70,171,177,189,233],"demands":[59],"risk":[62,103],"accidents":[64],"due":[65],"fatigue":[67],"lack":[69],"rest":[72],"time.":[73],"This":[74],"study":[75],"aims":[76],"implement":[78],"deep":[79,245],"learning":[80,246],"methods":[81,114,195,247],"such":[82],"as":[83,224,241,243],"Convolutional":[84],"Neural":[85],"Network":[86],"(CNN),":[87],"Bidirectional":[88,94],"Long-Short":[89],"Term":[90],"Memory":[91],"(BiLSTM),":[92],"Gated":[95],"Recurrent":[96],"Unit":[97],"(BiGRU)":[98],"minimize":[100],"accident":[102],"face":[105],"expression":[106,134,237],"recognition.":[107],"It":[108],"will":[109],"also":[110],"compare":[111],"three":[113,194],"find":[116,252],"best":[118,203,226,254],"method.":[119,227],"About":[120],"350":[121],"primary":[122],"data":[123],"collected":[125],"from":[126],"participants\u2019":[128],"questionnaires,":[129],"grouped":[130],"into":[131],"seven":[132],"facial":[133,236],"classes:":[135],"angry,":[136],"sad,":[137],"happy,":[138],"sleepy,":[139],"surprised,":[140],"afraid,":[141],"neutral.":[143],"Afterwards,":[144],"augmentation":[146],"implemented":[148],"solve":[150],"imbalance":[152],"dataset":[153],"problem.":[154],"At":[155],"EDA":[157],"stage,":[158],"positive":[160],"correlation":[161,176],"between":[162],"object":[163],"size,":[164],"area,":[165],"resolution":[167],"received":[168],"a":[169],"score":[170],"1,":[172],"while":[173],"negative":[175],"attribute\u2019s":[179],"light":[180],"intensity":[181],"saturation":[183],"-":[185],"0.428.":[186],"result":[188],"performance":[190,259],"evaluation":[191],"on":[192],"that":[197],"BiGRU":[199,221],"method":[200],"achieved":[201],"value":[204],"accuracy,":[206],"precision,":[207],"recall,":[208],"F1-score":[210],"values,":[211],"respectively,":[212],"0.67,":[213],"0.69,":[214],"0.71,":[215],"0.69.":[217],"From":[218],"this":[219],"study,":[220],"recommended":[223],"increasing":[230],"datasets":[234],"groups":[238],"necessary,":[240],"well":[242],"combining":[244],"evolutionary":[249],"algorithms":[250],"parameters":[255],"improve":[257],"model":[258],"automatically.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}