{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4352981291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscmi56532.2022.10068445","title":"Evaluating the performance of the Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm to solve the Quadratic Assignment Problem","display_name":"Evaluating the performance of the Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm to solve the Quadratic Assignment Problem","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4352981291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscmi56532.2022.10068445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscmi56532.2022.10068445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscmi56532.2022.10068445","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 9th International Conference on Soft Computing &amp; Machine Intelligence (ISCMI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089926505","display_name":"M. T. Khumalo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. T. Khumalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030266814","display_name":"K. Prag","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Prag","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002746694","display_name":"Ken Nixon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5391-8147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. J. Nixon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand,Johannesburg,South Africa","School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5391-8147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand,Johannesburg,South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18020305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"86","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9661999940872192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6652950048446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-assignment-problem","display_name":"Quadratic assignment problem","score":0.6619127988815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.6009000539779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.570164680480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5530135631561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5304225087165833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","score":0.5096001625061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-equation","display_name":"Quadratic equation","score":0.5090860724449158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-circuit","display_name":"Quantum circuit","score":0.48594439029693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.4698167145252228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.462157279253006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4605933427810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37836310267448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-optimization","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","score":0.3482978343963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.11565017700195312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.0760439932346344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6652950048446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98036226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268356","display_name":"Quadratic assignment problem","level":3,"score":0.6619127988815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.6009000539779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.570164680480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5530135631561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5304225087165833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5096001625061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.5090860724449158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124148022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210","display_name":"Quantum circuit","level":5,"score":0.48594439029693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.4698167145252228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.462157279253006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4605933427810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37836310267448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52692508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333872","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","level":2,"score":0.3482978343963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.11565017700195312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0760439932346344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscmi56532.2022.10068445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscmi56532.2022.10068445","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 9th International Conference on Soft Computing &amp; Machine Intelligence (ISCMI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568345435","https://openalex.org/W1837750740","https://openalex.org/W2002372750","https://openalex.org/W2028918948","https://openalex.org/W2033216491","https://openalex.org/W2039122980","https://openalex.org/W2072690700","https://openalex.org/W2086917808","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2148132004","https://openalex.org/W2161685427","https://openalex.org/W2174510006","https://openalex.org/W2606448022","https://openalex.org/W2889938786","https://openalex.org/W2903058119","https://openalex.org/W2903516100","https://openalex.org/W2942962312","https://openalex.org/W2954292307","https://openalex.org/W3016618834","https://openalex.org/W3082220326","https://openalex.org/W3100866030","https://openalex.org/W3100894865","https://openalex.org/W3120980308","https://openalex.org/W3121235808","https://openalex.org/W3155906867","https://openalex.org/W3179387884","https://openalex.org/W3196603455","https://openalex.org/W3209612530","https://openalex.org/W4211036892","https://openalex.org/W4289283645","https://openalex.org/W4307492550","https://openalex.org/W6634007516","https://openalex.org/W6736082478","https://openalex.org/W6756444570","https://openalex.org/W6776134334","https://openalex.org/W6800491504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4289827731","https://openalex.org/W4309470286","https://openalex.org/W3010990664","https://openalex.org/W4297726034","https://openalex.org/W3194905711","https://openalex.org/W4362706727","https://openalex.org/W2951211905","https://openalex.org/W4367173171","https://openalex.org/W3138456489","https://openalex.org/W4311268979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,36,106,188],"performance":[1],"of":[2,78,101,108,131,136,181],"the":[3,11,19,58,64,74,88,127,129,132,142,147,173,175,184,196],"Quantum":[4,21],"Approximate":[5],"Optimisation":[6,40],"Algorithm":[7],"(QAOA)":[8],"in":[9,76,120,151,179],"solving":[10,63,164],"Quadratic":[12],"Assignment":[13],"Problem":[14,41],"(QAP)":[15],"is":[16,29,43,139],"evaluated,":[17],"with":[18,156,166,219],"Variational":[20],"Eigensolver":[22],"(VQE)":[23],"as":[24,45,57,183],"a":[25,38,79,134,152,157,167],"benchmark.":[26],"QAP":[28,65,99],"directly":[30],"revelant":[31],"to":[32,83,87,97,104,172],"numerous":[33],"industry":[34],"scenarios.":[35],"QAP,":[37],"Combinatorial":[39],"(COP),":[42],"classified":[44],"<tex":[46],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[47],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathcal{NP}$</tex>":[48],"-Hard.":[49],"This":[50,90],"classification":[51],"means":[52],"CPU":[53],"time":[54,155],"increases":[55],"exponentially":[56],"problem":[59,169,185],"size":[60,186,208],"scales":[61],"when":[62],"using":[66],"deterministic":[67],"optimisation":[68,81],"techniques.":[69],"Therefore,":[70],"this":[71,124],"work":[72,122],"investigates":[73],"QAOA":[75,176,197],"search":[77],"non-deterministic":[80],"technique":[82],"efficiently":[84],"obtain":[85],"solutions":[86,150],"QAP.":[89],"research":[91],"compares":[92],"two":[93,143],"warm":[94,190],"start":[95,191],"techniques":[96],"solve":[98],"instances":[100,165,205],"sizes":[102],"3":[103],"7.":[105],"metrics":[107],"comparison":[109],"-":[110,117],"that":[111,195],"measure":[112],"efficiency":[113],"and":[114,222],"solution":[115,202],"quality":[116,203],"were":[118],"introduced":[119],"previous":[121],"on":[123],"topic.":[125],"For":[126],"QAOA,":[128],"impact":[130],"p-value,":[133],"determination":[135],"circuit":[137,159],"depth,":[138],"investigated.":[140],"Of":[141],"quantum":[144,189,217,224],"hybrid":[145],"heuristics,":[146],"VQE":[148],"retrieves":[149],"shorter":[153],"computational":[154],"smaller":[158],"size,":[160],"which":[161],"allows":[162],"for":[163,204],"larger":[168,206],"size.":[170],"Compared":[171],"VQE,":[174],"performs":[177],"better":[178],"terms":[180],"feasibility":[182],"scales.":[187],"method":[192],"results":[193],"implies":[194],"may":[198],"not":[199],"maintain":[200],"higher":[201,223],"than":[207],"4.":[209],"Still,":[210],"further":[211],"investigation":[212],"should":[213],"be":[214],"conducted":[215],"once":[216],"devices":[218],"more":[220],"qubits":[221],"volumes":[225],"are":[226],"available.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
