{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2086688806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscit.2011.6090035","title":"An efficient hardware implementation of high quality AWGN generator using Box-Muller method","display_name":"An efficient hardware implementation of high quality AWGN generator using Box-Muller method","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2086688806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscit.2011.6090035","mag":"2086688806"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscit.2011.6090035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscit.2011.6090035","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 11th International Symposium on Communications &amp; Information Technologies (ISCIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012780000","display_name":"Jamshaid Sarwar Malik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK","SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jamshaid Sarwar Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["SEECS, National University of Sciences &Technology, Pakistan","School of ICT, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden","School of ICT, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEECS, National University of Sciences &Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of ICT, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of ICT, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040515200","display_name":"Jameel Nawaz Malik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110357561","display_name":"University of the Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/048gmay44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110357561"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK","SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jameel Nawaz Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["SEECS, National University of Sciences &Technology, Pakistan","School of ICT, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden","National University of Sciences and Technology, SEECS, Pakistan#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEECS, National University of Sciences &Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of ICT, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, SEECS, Pakistan#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110357561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026355063","display_name":"Ahmed Hemani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0565-9376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Hemani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of ICT, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden","School of ICT, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of ICT, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of ICT, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032575129","display_name":"N. D. Gohar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110357561","display_name":"University of the Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/048gmay44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110357561"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. D. Gohar","raw_affiliation_strings":["SEECS, National University of Sciences &Technology, Pakistan","National University of Sciences and Technology, SEECS, Pakistan#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEECS, National University of Sciences &Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, SEECS, Pakistan#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110357561"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012780000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016","https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7727,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75535613,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"449","last_page":"454"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7511648535728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6304354071617126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5435663461685181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.5060002207756042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.49163109064102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logarithm","display_name":"Logarithm","score":0.47945013642311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-computing","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","score":0.4686870872974396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.4626048803329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-architecture","display_name":"Hardware architecture","score":0.4434705078601837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.44291484355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4399172365665436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4381627142429352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.42986592650413513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.420303076505661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18783816695213318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.1370595395565033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7511648535728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6304354071617126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5435663461685181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.5060002207756042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.49163109064102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.47945013642311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.4686870872974396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.4626048803329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65232700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656403","display_name":"Hardware architecture","level":3,"score":0.4434705078601837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.44291484355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4399172365665436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4381627142429352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.42986592650413513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.420303076505661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18783816695213318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.1370595395565033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscit.2011.6090035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscit.2011.6090035","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 11th International Symposium on Communications &amp; Information Technologies (ISCIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522106723","https://openalex.org/W1606275492","https://openalex.org/W2025561587","https://openalex.org/W2089389313","https://openalex.org/W2097774686","https://openalex.org/W2127673207","https://openalex.org/W2135385832","https://openalex.org/W2141116325","https://openalex.org/W2142840816","https://openalex.org/W2145194000","https://openalex.org/W2160495765","https://openalex.org/W2162074762","https://openalex.org/W2169485677","https://openalex.org/W2170695679","https://openalex.org/W4300506956","https://openalex.org/W6678992122","https://openalex.org/W6680986154","https://openalex.org/W6681476975","https://openalex.org/W6683490037","https://openalex.org/W6844947129"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4383503138","https://openalex.org/W3131592046","https://openalex.org/W3115530580","https://openalex.org/W2075931580","https://openalex.org/W2622392763","https://openalex.org/W3214999411","https://openalex.org/W4391536292","https://openalex.org/W3170442433","https://openalex.org/W2390254310","https://openalex.org/W4214905828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Box":[0],"Muller":[1],"(BM)":[2],"algorithm":[3],"is":[4,148],"extensively":[5],"used":[6,98],"for":[7,63,114],"generation":[8],"of":[9,22,27,36,78,86,145,152,159],"high":[10],"quality":[11,77],"Gaussian":[12,80],"Random":[13],"Numbers":[14],"(GRNs)":[15],"in":[16,150],"hardware.":[17],"Most":[18],"efficient":[19,100],"published":[20],"implementation":[21,120],"BM":[23,116],"method":[24],"utilizes":[25,121],"transformation":[26],"32-bit":[28],"data":[29],"path":[30],"to":[31,42,58,109],"16":[32],"bits":[33],"and":[34,45,101,128,154],"use":[35],"first":[37],"degree":[38],"piece-wise":[39],"polynomial":[40,64],"approximation":[41,65],"compute":[43],"logarithmic":[44],"square":[46],"root":[47],"functions.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"work,":[51],"we":[52],"have":[53,96],"performed":[54],"extensive":[55],"error":[56],"analysis":[57],"show":[59],"that":[60],"coefficient":[61],"memory":[62,130],"can":[66],"be":[67],"reduced":[68],"by":[69],"more":[70,99],"than":[71,157],"35":[72],"percent":[73],"without":[74],"compromising":[75],"on":[76,132],"generated":[79],"samples.":[81],"This":[82,147],"also":[83,97],"reduces":[84],"complexity":[85],"corresponding":[87],"address":[88],"generator,":[89],"which":[90],"requires":[91],"most":[92],"hardware":[93,119,155],"resources.":[94],"We":[95],"statistically":[102],"accurate":[103],"skip-ahead":[104],"Linear":[105],"Feedback":[106],"Shift":[107],"Registers":[108],"generate":[110],"uniformly":[111],"distributed":[112],"numbers":[113],"the":[115,160],"algorithm.":[117],"Complete":[118],"only":[122],"407":[123],"slices,":[124],"03":[125],"DSP":[126],"blocks":[127,131],"1.5":[129],"Xilinx":[133],"Virtex-4":[134],"XC4VLX15":[135],"operating":[136],"at":[137],"230":[138],"MHz":[139],"while":[140],"providing":[141],"a":[142],"tail":[143],"accuracy":[144,153],"6.6\u03c3.":[146],"better":[149],"terms":[151],"utilization":[156],"any":[158],"previously":[161],"reported":[162],"architecture.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
