{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386214575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc58397.2023.10218209","title":"Balancing Robustness and Covertness in NLP Model Watermarking: A Multi-Task Learning Approach","display_name":"Balancing Robustness and Covertness in NLP Model Watermarking: A Multi-Task Learning Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386214575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc58397.2023.10218209"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscc58397.2023.10218209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc58397.2023.10218209","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113721695","display_name":"Long Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University,Haikou,China","School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022775873","display_name":"Jiarong Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiarong Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University,Haikou,China","School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087907256","display_name":"Liaoran Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4182-5979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liaoran Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University,Haikou,China","School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100956969","display_name":"Xuefeng Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1932-725X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuefeng Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University,Haikou,China","School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067794581","display_name":"Xiaoyi Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University,Haikou,China","School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3263,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65001379,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1376","last_page":"1382"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8425537943840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8390587568283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7001781463623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6874639987945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6012979745864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.5489583015441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4475204348564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4169304370880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.379366934299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.08852359652519226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8425537943840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8390587568283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7001781463623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6874639987945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6012979745864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.5489583015441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4475204348564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4169304370880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.379366934299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08852359652519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscc58397.2023.10218209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc58397.2023.10218209","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2753783305","https://openalex.org/W2973217491","https://openalex.org/W3035367371","https://openalex.org/W3109409894","https://openalex.org/W3135820585","https://openalex.org/W3141797743","https://openalex.org/W3156011647","https://openalex.org/W3156309620","https://openalex.org/W3173784240","https://openalex.org/W3175133087","https://openalex.org/W3176270593","https://openalex.org/W3185271965","https://openalex.org/W4283011315","https://openalex.org/W4294506858","https://openalex.org/W6747838042"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288","https://openalex.org/W2361184779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,117,132],"popularity":[1],"of":[2,9,29,100],"ChatGPT":[3],"demonstrates":[4],"the":[5,26,80,101,113,135],"immense":[6],"commercial":[7],"value":[8],"natural":[10],"language":[11],"processing":[12],"(NLP)":[13],"technology.":[14],"However,":[15],"NLP":[16,33,70,130],"models":[17],"are":[18,56],"vulnerable":[19],"to":[20,38,58,78,96,111],"piracy":[21],"and":[22,41,84,104,127,140],"redistribution,":[23],"which":[24,49,62],"harms":[25],"economic":[27],"interests":[28],"model":[30,34,71],"owners.":[31],"Existing":[32],"watermarking":[35,44,55,72,119],"schemes":[36],"struggle":[37],"balance":[39],"robustness":[40,83],"covertness.":[42],"Robust":[43],"require":[45],"embedding":[46],"more":[47,60],"information,":[48,61],"compromises":[50],"their":[51,64],"covertness;":[52],"conversely,":[53],"covert":[54,91,106],"challenging":[57],"embed":[59],"affects":[63],"robustness.":[65,116],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"proposes":[68],"an":[69],"framework":[73,120],"that":[74],"uses":[75],"multi-task":[76],"learning":[77],"address":[79],"conflict":[81],"between":[82],"covertness":[85],"in":[86],"existing":[87],"schemes.":[88],"Specifically,":[89],"a":[90,105],"trigger":[92],"set":[93],"is":[94,109,121],"established":[95],"implement":[97],"remote":[98],"verification":[99],"watermark":[102,114],"model,":[103],"auxiliary":[107],"network":[108],"designed":[110],"enhance":[112],"model's":[115],"proposed":[118],"evaluated":[122],"on":[123],"two":[124],"benchmark":[125],"datasets":[126],"three":[128],"mainstream":[129],"models.":[131],"experiments":[133],"validate":[134],"frame-work's":[136],"excellent":[137],"covertness,":[138],"robustness,":[139],"low":[141],"false":[142],"positive":[143],"rate.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}