{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2079799086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc.2014.6912624","title":"Measuring the Internet's threat level: A global-local approach","display_name":"Measuring the Internet's threat level: A global-local approach","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2079799086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc.2014.6912624","mag":"2079799086"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscc.2014.6912624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc.2014.6912624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037943455","display_name":"Spyridon Kollias","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Spyridon Kollias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Greece","Dept of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Greece#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Greece#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070633338","display_name":"Vasileios Vlachos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-682X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51955386","display_name":"Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04056ja87","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51955386"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios Vlachos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece","[Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51955386"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51955386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053167561","display_name":"\u0391\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-0990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51955386","display_name":"Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04056ja87","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51955386"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Papanikolaou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece","[Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51955386"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51955386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077616678","display_name":"Periklis Chatzimisios","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2366-1365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77990126","display_name":"Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/04h36ea57","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77990126"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Periklis Chatzimisios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece","Department of Information Technology, Alexander Technological, Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77990126"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Alexander Technological, Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77990126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019557941","display_name":"Christos Ilioudis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8084-4339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77990126","display_name":"Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/04h36ea57","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77990126"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Ilioudis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece","Department of Information Technology, Alexander Technological, Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77990126"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Alexander Technological, Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77990126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111590670","display_name":"Kostas Metaxiotis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kostas Metaxiotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Greece","Dept of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Greece#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Greece#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037943455"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0344,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8057654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.8062626719474792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.749894380569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7267550826072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7009487748146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.677920401096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5925081968307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-system","display_name":"Early warning system","score":0.5223370790481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-system","display_name":"Warning system","score":0.41853654384613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.38861191272735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1983395516872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15990954637527466}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.8062626719474792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.749894380569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7267550826072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7009487748146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.677920401096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5925081968307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779296788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326904","display_name":"Early warning system","level":3,"score":0.5223370790481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.41853654384613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.38861191272735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1983395516872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15990954637527466}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscc.2014.6912624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscc.2014.6912624","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518067596","https://openalex.org/W1541939527","https://openalex.org/W1548486839","https://openalex.org/W1635413415","https://openalex.org/W1986576642","https://openalex.org/W1994340575","https://openalex.org/W2040555639","https://openalex.org/W2070333012","https://openalex.org/W2075354189","https://openalex.org/W2100011707","https://openalex.org/W2106539366","https://openalex.org/W2125166755","https://openalex.org/W2131036538","https://openalex.org/W4229624644","https://openalex.org/W4255103909","https://openalex.org/W6632301646","https://openalex.org/W6679475231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019221308","https://openalex.org/W2366686155","https://openalex.org/W1044530532","https://openalex.org/W2383173999","https://openalex.org/W2899102479","https://openalex.org/W3125817379","https://openalex.org/W2369926976","https://openalex.org/W2381743810","https://openalex.org/W2349162035","https://openalex.org/W2402451758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,130],"Internet":[1,37],"is":[2,112,133,142],"a":[3,29,124,127,139],"highly":[4],"distributed":[5],"and":[6,13,51,126],"complex":[7],"system":[8,110,132],"consisting":[9],"of":[10,18,21,31,47,56,71,89,114,154],"billion":[11],"devices":[12],"has":[14],"become":[15],"the":[16,24,36,60,68,72,116,120,155,159],"field":[17],"various":[19,33,54,90],"kinds":[20],"conflicts":[22],"during":[23],"last":[25],"two":[26],"decades.":[27],"As":[28],"matter":[30],"fact,":[32],"actors":[34],"utilise":[35],"for":[38,43,52],"illicit":[39],"purposes,":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42,147,149],"performing":[44],"Distributed":[45],"Denial":[46],"Service":[48],"Attacks":[49],"(DDoS)":[50],"spreading":[53],"types":[55],"aggressive":[57],"malware.":[58],"Despite":[59],"fact":[61],"that":[62],"numerous":[63],"services":[64],"provide":[65,151],"information":[66,79],"regarding":[67],"threat":[69,117],"level":[70,118],"Internet,":[73,121],"they":[74],"are":[75],"mostly":[76],"based":[77],"on":[78,85],"acquired":[80],"by":[81],"their":[82],"sensors":[83],"or":[84],"offline":[86],"statistical":[87],"sampling":[88],"security":[91],"applications":[92],"(antivirus":[93],"software,":[94],"intrusion":[95],"detection":[96],"systems":[97],"etc.).":[98],"This":[99],"paper":[100],"presents":[101],"PROTOS":[102],"(PROactive":[103],"Threat":[104],"Observatory":[105],"System),":[106],"an":[107,144,152],"early":[108],"warning":[109],"which":[111],"capable":[113],"estimating":[115],"across":[119,158],"using":[122],"both":[123],"global":[125],"local":[128],"approach.":[129],"proposed":[131],"therefore":[134],"able":[135],"to":[136,150],"determine":[137],"whether":[138],"specific":[140],"host":[141],"under":[143],"imminent":[145],"threat,":[146],"well":[148],"estimation":[153],"malicious":[156],"activity":[157],"Internet.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}