{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391799179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558286","title":"A Precision-Optimized Fixed-Point Near-Memory Digital Processing Unit for Analog In-Memory Computing","display_name":"A Precision-Optimized Fixed-Point Near-Memory Digital Processing Unit for Analog In-Memory Computing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391799179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558286","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07549","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070881758","display_name":"Elena Ferro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elena Ferro","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109867962","display_name":"Athanasios Vasilopoulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athanasios Vasilopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067564596","display_name":"Corey Lammie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-1356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corey Lammie","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027282232","display_name":"Manuel Le Gallo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1600-6151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Le Gallo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043408422","display_name":"Luca Benini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8068-3806"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Benini","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIS-ETH Z&#x00FC;rich,Z&#x00FC;rich,Switzerland,8092"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIS-ETH Z&#x00FC;rich,Z&#x00FC;rich,Switzerland,8092","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084000491","display_name":"Irem Boybat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4255-8622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irem Boybat","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017236774","display_name":"Abu Sebastian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5603-5243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abu Sebastian","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Europe,R&#x00FC;schlikon,Switzerland,8803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070881758"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.82,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70481206,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6509788036346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.5516114830970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.5126270651817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-refresh","display_name":"Memory refresh","score":0.5052521824836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-point-arithmetic","display_name":"Fixed-point arithmetic","score":0.4935849905014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analog-image-processing","display_name":"Analog image processing","score":0.4617704451084137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4599456191062927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4334985017776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-point","display_name":"Fixed point","score":0.4189290404319763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-memory","display_name":"Computer memory","score":0.313375860452652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21119621396064758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point","display_name":"Floating point","score":0.21102374792099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16798129677772522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.13789460062980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13577693700790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image-processing","display_name":"Digital image processing","score":0.13236486911773682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6509788036346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.5516114830970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.5126270651817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87907426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815755","display_name":"Memory refresh","level":4,"score":0.5052521824836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163973906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649900","display_name":"Fixed-point arithmetic","level":3,"score":0.4935849905014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28525508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4751054","display_name":"Analog image processing","level":5,"score":0.4617704451084137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4599456191062927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4334985017776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61445026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217608","display_name":"Fixed point","level":2,"score":0.4189290404319763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92855701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907","display_name":"Computer memory","level":3,"score":0.313375860452652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21119621396064758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84211073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117879","display_name":"Floating point","level":2,"score":0.21102374792099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16798129677772522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.13789460062980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13577693700790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Digital image processing","level":4,"score":0.13236486911773682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558286","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.07549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07549","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07549","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1005136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1005136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:14168347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS58744.2024.10558286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.07549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07549","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.07549","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2664930495","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101070634","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5022591845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101070634","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8051717526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335238","display_name":"Staatssekretariat f\u00fcr Bildung, Forschung und Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/01kw63t33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391799179.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024122052","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2539383463","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2899641901","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W3013080934","https://openalex.org/W3138725418","https://openalex.org/W3208788005","https://openalex.org/W4210530509","https://openalex.org/W4226225603","https://openalex.org/W4292121737","https://openalex.org/W4308090791","https://openalex.org/W4313251083","https://openalex.org/W4317793291","https://openalex.org/W4385896568"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4242495027","https://openalex.org/W2100773763","https://openalex.org/W2898989424","https://openalex.org/W4285257158","https://openalex.org/W2019238062","https://openalex.org/W2056436264","https://openalex.org/W919907138","https://openalex.org/W1697439211","https://openalex.org/W4293159259","https://openalex.org/W2561005478"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Analog":[0],"In-Memory":[1],"Computing":[2],"(AIMC)":[3],"is":[4,23,41],"an":[5,149,185,193],"emerging":[6],"technology":[7,129],"for":[8],"fast":[9],"and":[10,30,49,66,89,112,130,135,152,176],"energy-efficient":[11],"Deep":[12],"Learning":[13],"(DL)":[14],"inference.":[15],"However,":[16],"a":[17,75,117,125,155,177],"certain":[18],"amount":[19],"of":[20,52,120,142,188,196],"digital":[21,39,77],"post-processing":[22],"required":[24],"to":[25,43,202],"deal":[26],"with":[27,33,62,159,192,208],"circuit":[28],"mismatches":[29],"non-idealities":[31],"associated":[32],"the":[34,45,98,102,121,140,143,160,203,213],"memory":[35],"devices.":[36],"Efficient":[37],"near-memory":[38],"logic":[40],"critical":[42],"retain":[44],"high":[46,67],"area/energy":[47],"efficiency":[48],"low":[50],"latency":[51],"AIMC.":[53],"Existing":[54],"systems":[55],"adopt":[56],"Floating":[57],"Point":[58],"16":[59],"(FP16)":[60],"arithmetic":[61],"limited":[63],"parallelization":[64],"capability":[65],"latency.":[68],"To":[69],"overcome":[70],"these":[71],"limitations,":[72],"we":[73],"propose":[74],"Near-Memory":[76],"Processing":[78],"Unit":[79],"(NMPU)":[80],"based":[81,166],"on":[82,212],"fixed-point":[83],"arithmetic.":[84],"It":[85],"achieves":[86,184],"competitive":[87,178],"accuracy":[88,187,194],"higher":[90],"computing":[91],"throughput":[92],"than":[93],"previous":[94],"approaches":[95],"while":[96],"minimizing":[97],"area":[99,136],"overhead.":[100],"Moreover,":[101],"NMPU":[103,122,144,162],"supports":[104],"standard":[105],"DL":[106],"activation":[107],"steps,":[108],"such":[109],"as":[110],"ReLU":[111],"Batch":[113],"Normalization.":[114],"We":[115,138],"perform":[116],"physical":[118],"implementation":[119],"design":[123],"in":[124],"14":[126],"nm":[127],"CMOS":[128],"provide":[131],"detailed":[132],"performance,":[133],"power,":[134],"assessments.":[137],"validate":[139],"efficacy":[141],"by":[145],"using":[146],"data":[147],"from":[148],"AIMC":[150,157],"chip":[151],"demonstrate":[153],"that":[154],"simulated":[156],"system":[158],"proposed":[161],"outperforms":[163],"existing":[164],"FP16-":[165],"implementations,":[167],"providing":[168],"139":[169],"\u00d7":[170,173],"speed-up,":[171],"7.8":[172],"smaller":[174],"area,":[175],"power":[179],"consumption.":[180],"Additionally,":[181],"our":[182],"approach":[183],"inference":[186],"86.65":[189],"%/65.06":[190],"%,":[191],"drop":[195],"just":[197],"0.12":[198],"%/0.4":[199],"%":[200],"compared":[201],"FP16":[204],"baseline":[205],"when":[206],"benchmarked":[207],"ResNet9/ResNet32":[209],"networks":[210],"trained":[211],"CIFAR10/CIFAR100":[214],"datasets,":[215],"respectively.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2024-02-14T00:00:00"}
