{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400229821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558145","title":"A Charge-Trap-Transistor-Based Fully Analog Machine Learning Inference Engine for Audio Keyword Spotting","display_name":"A Charge-Trap-Transistor-Based Fully Analog Machine Learning Inference Engine for Audio Keyword Spotting","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400229821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558145","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099841420","display_name":"Navid Rezazadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Navid Rezazadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099841422","display_name":"John Gosson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Gosson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099841423","display_name":"Roger Levinson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Levinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099841424","display_name":"Paramjeet Sahni","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paramjeet Sahni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099841425","display_name":"Mark Bury","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Bury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103357522","display_name":"J.C Paredes Diaz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Diaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099841426","display_name":"Shufan Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shufan Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099841427","display_name":"Eve Boyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eve Boyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099841428","display_name":"Niraj Mathur","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niraj Mathur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099841421","display_name":"Hamid Taheri","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Taheri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blumind Inc.,Ottawa,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099841420"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07722152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9387000203132629,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9387000203132629,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spotting","display_name":"Spotting","score":0.7715017199516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6878141164779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6468894481658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-spotting","display_name":"Keyword spotting","score":0.6137700080871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trap","display_name":"Trap (plumbing)","score":0.5075396299362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.461901992559433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference-engine","display_name":"Inference engine","score":0.4302467107772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3784588873386383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3307094871997833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.31997907161712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1552709937095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.14274728298187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12996026873588562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779506182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580141","display_name":"Spotting","level":2,"score":0.7715017199516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6878141164779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6468894481658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781213101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398558","display_name":"Keyword spotting","level":2,"score":0.6137700080871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121099081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665580","display_name":"Trap (plumbing)","level":2,"score":0.5075396299362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.461901992559433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.4302467107772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3784588873386383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3307094871997833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.31997907161712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1552709937095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.14274728298187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12996026873588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558145","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2210364086","https://openalex.org/W2797583228","https://openalex.org/W2949984730","https://openalex.org/W4205999233","https://openalex.org/W4206609022","https://openalex.org/W4317792949","https://openalex.org/W6750665317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2918559346","https://openalex.org/W2114097550","https://openalex.org/W3119978414","https://openalex.org/W4286904253","https://openalex.org/W2516975559","https://openalex.org/W2545741539","https://openalex.org/W3206647229","https://openalex.org/W1969408022","https://openalex.org/W2000885660","https://openalex.org/W2117995638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"an":[2,41,68],"analog":[3],"machine":[4],"learning":[5],"chip":[6,56],"for":[7,45],"audio":[8],"keyword":[9],"spotting":[10],"based":[11],"on":[12,55],"charge-trap":[13],"transistors":[14],"in":[15,40],"22":[16],"nm":[17],"FD-SOI":[18],"process.":[19],"This":[20],"implementation":[21],"does":[22],"not":[23],"require":[24],"any":[25],"analog-to-digital":[26],"conversion":[27],"and":[28,64],"uses":[29],"4-bit":[30],"weights":[31],"with":[32],"a":[33,58],"full":[34],"scale":[35],"of":[36,70],"200":[37],"nA,":[38],"resulting":[39],"ultra-low-power":[42],"solution":[43],"suitable":[44],"edge":[46],"devices.":[47],"A":[48],"recurrent":[49],"neural":[50],"network":[51],"has":[52],"been":[53],"implemented":[54],"demonstrating":[57],"96%":[59],"correlation":[60],"between":[61],"silicon":[62],"measurement":[63],"simulation,":[65],"while":[66],"consuming":[67],"average":[69],"10":[71],"nJ":[72],"per":[73],"inference.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
