{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411725661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043823","title":"An Area-Efficient and Bit-Width Configurable Carry-Save Adder Tree for Spiking Transformers","display_name":"An Area-Efficient and Bit-Width Configurable Carry-Save Adder Tree for Spiking Transformers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411725661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056261351","display_name":"Chaoming Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8830-1294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoming Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Westlake University,CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering,Hangzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Westlake University,CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035302784","display_name":"Ziyang Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyang Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Westlake University,CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering,Hangzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Westlake University,CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009667181","display_name":"Fengshi Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1304-5593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengshi Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of ECE,Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Department of ECE,Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007036605","display_name":"Jie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-0042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Westlake University,CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering,Hangzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Westlake University,CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082509767","display_name":"Mohamad Sawan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4137-7272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Sawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Westlake University,CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering,Hangzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Westlake University,CenBRAIN Neurotech Center of Excellence, School of Engineering,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.8564982414245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6801742911338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carry","display_name":"Carry (investment)","score":0.5948084592819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5210939645767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carry-save-adder","display_name":"Carry-save adder","score":0.4538978934288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.42640766501426697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit","display_name":"Bit (key)","score":0.413156658411026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.40980541706085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.360110342502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.23248794674873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.14338600635528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1405993402004242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13753369450569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12018704414367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08760344982147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.06561130285263062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.8564982414245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6801742911338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776299755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432449","display_name":"Carry (investment)","level":2,"score":0.5948084592819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5210939645767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3227080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5046770","display_name":"Carry-save adder","level":4,"score":0.4538978934288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.42640766501426697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117011727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1278488","display_name":"Bit (key)","level":2,"score":0.413156658411026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.40980541706085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.360110342502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.23248794674873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.14338600635528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1405993402004242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13753369450569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12018704414367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08760344982147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.06561130285263062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:66480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/66480/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Communication de conf\u00e9rence"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974390561","https://openalex.org/W2171382877","https://openalex.org/W2798690537","https://openalex.org/W2938616020","https://openalex.org/W3025493877","https://openalex.org/W4376460905","https://openalex.org/W4382998671","https://openalex.org/W4388709727","https://openalex.org/W4391341605","https://openalex.org/W4392739437","https://openalex.org/W4393159599","https://openalex.org/W6844652965","https://openalex.org/W6853666707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2157955791","https://openalex.org/W2127980940","https://openalex.org/W1584617340","https://openalex.org/W2064215635","https://openalex.org/W2605666407","https://openalex.org/W2532181444","https://openalex.org/W986131379","https://openalex.org/W2950842282","https://openalex.org/W2183905145","https://openalex.org/W2003324248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spiking":[0],"transformers":[1,22],"have":[2],"been":[3],"successfully":[4],"applied":[5,129],"to":[6,66,85,89,96,127],"multiple":[7],"applications":[8],"with":[9,12,20,47,114],"comparable":[10],"accuracy":[11],"native":[13],"transformers.":[14],"Achieving":[15],"a":[16,28,42,80,97,105,110],"high":[17],"energy":[18,50],"efficiency":[19,53],"spiking":[21,55],"requires":[23],"dedicated":[24],"hardware":[25],"design,":[26,100],"especially":[27],"specialized":[29],"matrix":[30,57],"multiplication":[31,58],"engine":[32],"optimized":[33,121],"for":[34,54],"spike":[35],"input.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"paper,":[39],"we":[40],"propose":[41],"carry-save":[43],"adder":[44],"(CSA)":[45],"array":[46,123],"an":[48],"improved":[49],"and":[51,75,109],"area":[52,107],"transformer":[56],"computation.":[59],"A":[60],"two-staged":[61],"CSA":[62,87],"structure":[63],"is":[64,83],"proposed":[65,84,102],"support":[67],"maximum":[68],"logic":[69],"reuse":[70,90],"between":[71],"1b":[72],"self-attention":[73],"mode":[74],"8b":[76],"linear":[77],"mode.":[78],"Besides,":[79],"cubic-mesh":[81],"architecture":[82,103],"organize":[86],"trees":[88],"weight":[91],"in":[92,130],"different":[93],"timesteps.":[94],"Compared":[95],"baseline":[98],"accumulation":[99],"the":[101,115,120],"achieved":[104],"2.7x":[106],"reduction":[108,113],"3.75x":[111],"power":[112],"same":[116],"throughput,":[117],"showing":[118],"that":[119],"computation":[122],"has":[124],"great":[125],"potential":[126],"be":[128],"digital":[131],"neuromorphic":[132],"accelerators.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
