{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411727029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043271","title":"Efficient CNN-Based Side-Channel Attacks on Dilithium without Device Access","display_name":"Efficient CNN-Based Side-Channel Attacks on Dilithium without Device Access","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411727029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043271","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043271","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032928754","display_name":"Zehua Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9727-3360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zehua Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense,Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Cyber Security,Beijing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense,Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Cyber Security,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101790268","display_name":"Yuejun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3821-4050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuejun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063991302","display_name":"Yongbin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1337-0655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongbin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102812025","display_name":"Y. B. Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6985-6105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100619853","display_name":"Hao Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9416-2929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023477295","display_name":"Dixiao Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dixiao Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032928754"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25795088,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9291999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9151999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.9193503856658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilithium","display_name":"Dilithium","score":0.8991137742996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.673499345779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5121273994445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5071098804473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.40989258885383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.30118057131767273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.9193503856658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775951159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189242","display_name":"Dilithium","level":4,"score":0.8991137742996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.673499345779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5121273994445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5071098804473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.40989258885383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.30118057131767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118629725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2686738","display_name":"Deprotonation","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043271","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043271","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1646354800","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2556867355","https://openalex.org/W2898218073","https://openalex.org/W2914572864","https://openalex.org/W3097833434","https://openalex.org/W3115739041","https://openalex.org/W3208177954","https://openalex.org/W4200446781","https://openalex.org/W4206724325","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4296842505","https://openalex.org/W4311167566","https://openalex.org/W4386328296","https://openalex.org/W4392753810","https://openalex.org/W4396838276","https://openalex.org/W4400033991","https://openalex.org/W4400771173","https://openalex.org/W6776868440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158626348","https://openalex.org/W182679101","https://openalex.org/W3006344745","https://openalex.org/W2951963551","https://openalex.org/W2103519941","https://openalex.org/W3180573957","https://openalex.org/W4200446781","https://openalex.org/W2162805750","https://openalex.org/W4385711937","https://openalex.org/W2043669269"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"post-quantum":[1],"cryptography":[2],"standard,":[3],"released":[4],"in":[5],"August":[6],"2024,":[7],"faces":[8],"significant":[9],"threats":[10],"from":[11,54,76],"side-channel":[12],"attacks":[13,17,127],"(SCAs).":[14],"While":[15],"non-profiled":[16,126],"demand":[18],"extensive":[19],"traces":[20,110,122],"and":[21],"time,":[22],"profiled":[23],"attacks,":[24],"though":[25],"more":[26],"effective,":[27],"require":[28],"access":[29],"to":[30,62,73,88,111,124],"identical":[31],"devices.":[32],"This":[33,83],"paper":[34],"proposes":[35],"a":[36,50],"hybrid":[37],"SCA":[38],"on":[39,99],"Dilithium,":[40],"leveraging":[41],"the":[42,119],"strengths":[43],"of":[44,121],"both":[45],"approaches.":[46],"Our":[47],"method":[48],"profiles":[49],"template":[51],"using":[52],"leakage":[53],"operations":[55,95],"with":[56],"known":[57],"variables,":[58],"then":[59],"applies":[60],"it":[61],"target":[63],"sensitive":[64],"variables.":[65],"Specifically,":[66],"Convolutional":[67],"Neural":[68],"Networks":[69],"(CNNs)":[70],"are":[71],"employed":[72],"model":[74,84],"leakages":[75],"Inverse":[77],"Number":[78],"Theoretic":[79],"Transform":[80],"(INTT)":[81],"operations.":[82],"is":[85],"subsequently":[86],"used":[87],"recover":[89,112],"private":[90],"keys":[91,113],"by":[92],"targeting":[93],"INTT":[94],"involving":[96],"c.":[97],"Implemented":[98],"an":[100],"ARM":[101],"Cortex-M4":[102],"platform,":[103],"our":[104],"attack":[105],"requires":[106],"only":[107],"10/27/18":[108],"power":[109],"for":[114],"Dilithium2/3/5,":[115],"respectively,":[116],"significantly":[117],"reducing":[118],"number":[120],"compared":[123],"prior":[125],"requiring":[128],"hundreds.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
