{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127664537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401481","title":"Side-Channel Trojan Insertion - a Practical Foundry-Side Attack via ECO","display_name":"Side-Channel Trojan Insertion - a Practical Foundry-Side Attack via ECO","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127664537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401481","mag":"3127664537"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401481","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.00724","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016003223","display_name":"Tiago Perez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-1938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tiago Perez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Department of Computer systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043985181","display_name":"Malik Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-6387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malik Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Department of Computer systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082742813","display_name":"Pablo Vaz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Vaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Department of Computer systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060594809","display_name":"Samuel Pagliarini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-0606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Pagliarini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Department of Computer systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016003223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4716,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56774985,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.9287902116775513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan-horse","display_name":"Trojan horse","score":0.7824915647506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.7096335887908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.6642800569534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundry","display_name":"Foundry","score":0.5926488637924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.5428466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5285364985466003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5055973529815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.432589054107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4215439260005951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4187714457511902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4179309010505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3251027464866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2899344861507416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.1861990988254547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.14064016938209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.0807306170463562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.9287902116775513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777337426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14639","display_name":"Trojan horse","level":2,"score":0.7824915647506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.7096335887908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.6642800569534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781087836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13883136","display_name":"Foundry","level":2,"score":0.5926488637924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.5428466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5285364985466003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5055973529815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.432589054107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4215439260005951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4187714457511902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4179309010505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3251027464866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2899344861507416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.1861990988254547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.14064016938209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0807306170463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401481","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.00724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.00724","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.00724","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3127664537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2102.00724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.00724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.00724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.00724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.00724","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.00724","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5374134968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Social Fund","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127664537.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127664537.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500140210","https://openalex.org/W1564179502","https://openalex.org/W1965573937","https://openalex.org/W2014066342","https://openalex.org/W2014828568","https://openalex.org/W2095410905","https://openalex.org/W2097624522","https://openalex.org/W2099101940","https://openalex.org/W2137035418","https://openalex.org/W2140904634","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2511192821","https://openalex.org/W2756703387","https://openalex.org/W2798540755","https://openalex.org/W3010443526","https://openalex.org/W3015325772","https://openalex.org/W3016879030","https://openalex.org/W3032908353","https://openalex.org/W3037353294","https://openalex.org/W3094423394","https://openalex.org/W4246349508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158874989","https://openalex.org/W1500140210","https://openalex.org/W2380697199","https://openalex.org/W2741233616","https://openalex.org/W1984975890","https://openalex.org/W2202893188","https://openalex.org/W3038103856","https://openalex.org/W2534787757","https://openalex.org/W2904889454","https://openalex.org/W2908119235","https://openalex.org/W2082460678","https://openalex.org/W2952329445","https://openalex.org/W2810179943","https://openalex.org/W3024511794","https://openalex.org/W2211535023","https://openalex.org/W3016879030","https://openalex.org/W3126469854","https://openalex.org/W1912814577","https://openalex.org/W2162422644","https://openalex.org/W2156256511"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Design":[0],"companies":[1],"often":[2],"outsource":[3],"their":[4],"integrated":[5],"circuit":[6],"(IC)":[7],"fabrication":[8],"to":[9,16,56],"third":[10],"parties":[11],"where":[12],"ICs":[13],"are":[14],"susceptible":[15],"malicious":[17],"acts":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20],"the":[21,54,73],"insertion":[22],"of":[23,75],"a":[24,35,60,89,93,102],"side-channel":[25],"hardware":[26],"trojan":[27,61,69],"horse":[28],"(SCT).":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"paper,":[32],"we":[33],"present":[34],"framework":[36],"for":[37,100],"designing":[38],"and":[39,85],"inserting":[40],"an":[41,45,66],"SCT":[42],"based":[43],"on":[44],"engineering":[46],"change":[47],"order":[48],"(ECO)":[49],"flow,":[50],"which":[51],"makes":[52],"it":[53],"first":[55],"disclose":[57],"how":[58],"effortlessly":[59],"can":[62],"be":[63],"inserted":[64],"into":[65],"IC.":[67],"The":[68],"is":[70],"designed":[71],"with":[72],"goal":[74],"leaking":[76],"multiple":[77],"bits":[78],"per":[79],"power":[80],"signature":[81],"reading.":[82],"Our":[83],"findings":[84],"results":[86],"show":[87],"that":[88],"rogue":[90],"element":[91],"within":[92],"foundry":[94],"has,":[95],"today,":[96],"all":[97],"means":[98],"necessary":[99],"performing":[101],"foundry-side":[103],"attack":[104],"via":[105],"ECO.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
