{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157853192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401342","title":"A 216 \u03bcW, 87% Accurate Cow Behavior Classifying Decision Tree on FPGA with Interpolated Arctan2","display_name":"A 216 \u03bcW, 87% Accurate Cow Behavior Classifying Decision Tree on FPGA with Interpolated Arctan2","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157853192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401342","mag":"3157853192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401342","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013235577","display_name":"Jim Bartels","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9999-1654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jim Bartels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033648353","display_name":"Korkut Kaan Tokg\u00f6z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5724-6349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Korkut Kaan Tokgoz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052451157","display_name":"Masamoto Fukawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masamoto Fukawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030041130","display_name":"Shohei Otsubo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shohei Otsubo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100715810","display_name":"Chao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6411-8070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Chao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002041758","display_name":"Ikumi Rachi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikumi Rachi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073371073","display_name":"Ken\u2019ichi Takeda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137975476","display_name":"Shinshu University","ror":"https://ror.org/0244rem06","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137975476"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenichi Takeda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137975476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079428934","display_name":"Hiroyuki Ito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5687-0019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroyuki Ito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013235577"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1373,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74448376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6433756947517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.5780946612358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5183021426200867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5075274705886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4238923192024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.4202840328216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3500337600708008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3230555057525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3203127980232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3063746392726898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09100335836410522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6433756947517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.5780946612358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5183021426200867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5075274705886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4238923192024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.4202840328216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3500337600708008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3230555057525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3203127980232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3063746392726898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09100335836410522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas51556.2021.9401342","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338121","display_name":"Center of Innovation Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525095461","https://openalex.org/W1545889824","https://openalex.org/W1978580407","https://openalex.org/W2024341973","https://openalex.org/W2026105850","https://openalex.org/W2089613418","https://openalex.org/W2091676564","https://openalex.org/W2102617873","https://openalex.org/W2104709228","https://openalex.org/W2512486835","https://openalex.org/W2521525306","https://openalex.org/W2646590525","https://openalex.org/W2766036159","https://openalex.org/W2895348646","https://openalex.org/W2901156845","https://openalex.org/W2904597062","https://openalex.org/W2917792662","https://openalex.org/W2980856918","https://openalex.org/W2990158191","https://openalex.org/W6631385692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765080098","https://openalex.org/W2385749422","https://openalex.org/W2355290145","https://openalex.org/W2353465659","https://openalex.org/W2009888974","https://openalex.org/W2355539379","https://openalex.org/W2056341223","https://openalex.org/W4231410700","https://openalex.org/W2366961778","https://openalex.org/W1572721274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,136],"work":[1],"presents":[2],"five":[3,24],"different":[4],"8-bit":[5,60],"fixed":[6,61],"point":[7,62],"low":[8],"power":[9,148],"hardware":[10,63,138],"implementations":[11],"of":[12,23,75,88,90,109,119,131,150,156,162,169,179],"cow":[13,92],"behavior":[14],"classifying":[15],"axis-parallel":[16],"decision":[17],"trees":[18],"(DT)":[19],"for":[20,65,134],"a":[21,51,98,115,142,147,154],"range":[22],"feature":[25,68],"sets":[26],"(FS).":[27],"Each":[28],"DT":[29],"is":[30,95,175],"trained":[31],"and":[32,47,73],"tested":[33],"with":[34,102,153,177],"3-axis":[35],"accelerometer":[36,78],"data":[37],"labeled":[38],"beforehand":[39],"containing":[40],"four":[41],"main":[42],"behaviors,":[43],"resting,":[44],"eating,":[45],"rumination":[46],"moving.":[48],"Investigation":[49],"shows":[50,127],"10%":[52],"F1-":[53],"score":[54],"decrement":[55],"from":[56,123],"software":[57],"(77.4%)":[58],"to":[59,83,125],"(67.4%)":[64],"the":[66,76,91,103,120,160,180],"conventional":[67],"set,":[69],"i.e.":[70],"average":[71,129],"mean":[72],"variation":[74],"3D":[77],"vector":[79],"magnitude":[80],"(FS4)":[81],"due":[82],"quantization.":[84],"The":[85,107],"horizontal-longitudinal":[86],"angle":[87],"acceleration":[89],"(arctan2(y,":[93],"x))":[94],"proposed":[96],"as":[97],"new":[99],"FS":[100],"together":[101],"vertical":[104],"z-axis":[105],"(FS1&FS2).":[106],"results":[108],"an":[110,128,167],"experimental":[111],"setup,":[112],"which":[113,174],"simulates":[114],"stratified":[116],"20%":[117],"split":[118],"entire":[121],"dataset":[122],"PC":[124],"FPGA,":[126],"accuracy":[130],"86.81%":[132],"respectively":[133],"FS2.":[135],"FS's":[137],"implementation":[139],"programmed":[140],"on":[141],"Lattice":[143],"ICE40UP5K":[144],"FPGA":[145],"has":[146],"consumption":[149],"216":[151],"\u03bcW":[152],"latency":[155],"2.58":[157],"s":[158],"at":[159],"frequency":[161],"2.9":[163],"kHz":[164],"resulting":[165],"in":[166],"energy":[168],"557":[170],"J":[171],"per":[172],"classification,":[173],"competitive":[176],"state":[178],"art.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
