{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312724493","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas48785.2022.9937558","title":"A Differential SPAD Array Architecture in 0.18 \u03bcm CMOS for HDR Imaging","display_name":"A Differential SPAD Array Architecture in 0.18 \u03bcm CMOS for HDR Imaging","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312724493","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas48785.2022.9937558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas48785.2022.9937558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas48785.2022.9937558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604393","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042563791","display_name":"Mel White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9350-7799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mel White","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ithaca,NY","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ithaca,NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009720286","display_name":"Shahaboddin Ghajari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2155-9535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahaboddin Ghajari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ithaca,NY","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ithaca,NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116592754","display_name":"Tianyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0575-0870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Houston,TX","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Houston,TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058219160","display_name":"Akshat Dave","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-632X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akshat Dave","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Houston,TX","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Houston,TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073971393","display_name":"Ashok Veeraraghavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-7460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashok Veeraraghavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Houston,TX","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Houston,TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009855846","display_name":"Alyosha Molnar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7674-1874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alyosha Molnar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Houston,TX","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Houston,TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042563791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5695,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90866511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"292","last_page":"296"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6781171560287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.655849814414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6116268634796143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.46596837043762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.464412659406662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4549694359302521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.44908541440963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.43050551414489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.4132542312145233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4052391052246094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22065076231956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21539410948753357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.19419625401496887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1561630666255951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.1447438895702362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10547026991844177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6781171560287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.655849814414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6116268634796143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.46596837043762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.464412659406662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4549694359302521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.44908541440963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.43050551414489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4132542312145233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4052391052246094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22065076231956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21539410948753357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.19419625401496887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1561630666255951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.1447438895702362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10547026991844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas48785.2022.9937558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas48785.2022.9937558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604393","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2158067194","https://openalex.org/W2171926756","https://openalex.org/W2793076039","https://openalex.org/W2796557786","https://openalex.org/W2965936175","https://openalex.org/W2973538687","https://openalex.org/W2980170825","https://openalex.org/W3048373607","https://openalex.org/W3104147594","https://openalex.org/W3108525898","https://openalex.org/W3165932260","https://openalex.org/W3174120070","https://openalex.org/W4236229596","https://openalex.org/W6685082033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1657880117","https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2135248929","https://openalex.org/W2092690310","https://openalex.org/W3190662310","https://openalex.org/W2794767707","https://openalex.org/W2798440551","https://openalex.org/W2888459714","https://openalex.org/W2995582362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,6,74],"scalable":[3],"architecture":[4],"for":[5,66,89],"differential":[7,18,80],"single-photon":[8],"avalanche":[9],"diode":[10],"(D-SPAD)":[11],"array":[12],"which":[13],"generates":[14],"measurements":[15],"based":[16],"on":[17],"time-of-arrival":[19,36],"in":[20,31,114],"lieu":[21],"of":[22,82,109],"absolute":[23],"time-of-arrival.":[24],"This":[25],"design":[26,49],"addresses":[27],"the":[28,54,59,69,83,87],"throughput":[29],"bottleneck":[30],"conventional":[32],"sensors":[33],"that":[34,126],"record":[35],"statistics":[37],"(such":[38],"as":[39,94],"histograms":[40],"or":[41,99],"raw":[42],"arrival-time":[43],"data)":[44],"directly.":[45],"In":[46],"addition,":[47],"this":[48,124],"also":[50,85],"mitigates":[51],"saturation":[52],"at":[53,58],"pixel":[55],"level":[56],"and":[57,118],"counter,":[60],"making":[61],"it":[62],"an":[63],"ideal":[64],"candidate":[65],"use":[67],"when":[68],"scene":[70],"being":[71],"imaged":[72],"covers":[73],"high":[75,95],"dynamic":[76],"range":[77],"(HDR).":[78],"The":[79],"nature":[81],"data":[84],"obviates":[86],"need":[88],"large":[90],"digital":[91,102],"circuitry":[92],"such":[93],"bit":[96],"depth":[97],"counters":[98],"time":[100],"to":[101],"converters":[103],"(TDCs).":[104],"A":[105],"prototype":[106],"test":[107],"structure":[108],"16":[110],"pixels":[111],"was":[112],"fabricated":[113],"0.18":[115],"$\\mu$m":[116],"CMOS,":[117],"we":[119],"show":[120],"images":[121],"reconstructed":[122],"from":[123],"chip":[125],"illustrate":[127],"its":[128],"capabilities.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}