{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384947514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas46773.2023.10182164","title":"Cryo-CMOS Mixed-Signal Circuits for Scalable Quantum Computing: Challenges and Future Steps","display_name":"Cryo-CMOS Mixed-Signal Circuits for Scalable Quantum Computing: Challenges and Future Steps","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384947514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas46773.2023.10182164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas46773.2023.10182164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas46773.2023.10182164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/67707.html>,","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023390246","display_name":"Stavroula Kapoulea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0396-5097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091502","display_name":"Wates (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00ms25z94","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091502"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stavroula Kapoulea","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow,Glagsow,UK","James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glagsow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow,Glagsow,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glagsow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037729653","display_name":"Meraj Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-7161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091502","display_name":"Wates (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00ms25z94","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091502"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meraj Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow,Glagsow,UK","James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glagsow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow,Glagsow,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glagsow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023404921","display_name":"Martin Weides","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2718-6795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091502","display_name":"Wates (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00ms25z94","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091502"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Weides","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow,Glagsow,UK","James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glagsow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow,Glagsow,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glagsow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100700922","display_name":"Hadi Heidari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8412-8164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091502","display_name":"Wates (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00ms25z94","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091502"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Heidari","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow,Glagsow,UK","James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glagsow, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow,Glagsow,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glagsow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023390246"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091502","https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.831,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70845757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6719212532043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.652910590171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.6365671157836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6335435509681702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.6033800840377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5136918425559998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.4790695607662201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-electronics","display_name":"Digital electronics","score":0.46738970279693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.45524874329566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analogue-electronics","display_name":"Analogue electronics","score":0.4190186858177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-signal-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Mixed-signal integrated circuit","score":0.4131615161895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.36419329047203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.2991250157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19870510697364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13591551780700684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6719212532043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.652910590171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.6365671157836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6335435509681702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.6033800840377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5136918425559998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.4790695607662201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81843906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173156","display_name":"Digital electronics","level":3,"score":0.46738970279693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.45524874329566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29074008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174925","display_name":"Analogue electronics","level":3,"score":0.4190186858177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62907940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541329","display_name":"Mixed-signal integrated circuit","level":3,"score":0.4131615161895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36419329047203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.2991250157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19870510697364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13591551780700684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas46773.2023.10182164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas46773.2023.10182164","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:296426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/67707.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:296426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/67707.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5663879503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/W032627/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097216498","https://openalex.org/W2137169669","https://openalex.org/W2533128568","https://openalex.org/W2591606412","https://openalex.org/W2755984005","https://openalex.org/W2787573408","https://openalex.org/W2795812195","https://openalex.org/W2891246502","https://openalex.org/W2896020231","https://openalex.org/W2899926698","https://openalex.org/W2942640426","https://openalex.org/W2951836937","https://openalex.org/W2979996741","https://openalex.org/W3015726702","https://openalex.org/W3020771783","https://openalex.org/W3046359029","https://openalex.org/W3080977065","https://openalex.org/W3090525179","https://openalex.org/W3106097556","https://openalex.org/W3134124940","https://openalex.org/W3174449415","https://openalex.org/W3177387613","https://openalex.org/W3183565616","https://openalex.org/W3214111195","https://openalex.org/W4220687857","https://openalex.org/W4221131174","https://openalex.org/W4225007774","https://openalex.org/W4280586671","https://openalex.org/W4281567224","https://openalex.org/W4293173819","https://openalex.org/W4296501430","https://openalex.org/W4308089789","https://openalex.org/W4311217784","https://openalex.org/W4311224651","https://openalex.org/W4311301722","https://openalex.org/W4312469629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134613344","https://openalex.org/W2155285526","https://openalex.org/W2007222089","https://openalex.org/W4242258007","https://openalex.org/W2394022884","https://openalex.org/W2185815555","https://openalex.org/W2071235072","https://openalex.org/W1917800633","https://openalex.org/W2357284929","https://openalex.org/W1862020018"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,166],"systematic":[1],"research":[2],"on":[3,168],"the":[4,15,21,29,39,62,74,84,88,121,138,159,169,182],"development":[5,183],"of":[6,41,87,137,184],"cryogenic":[7,113],"complementary":[8],"metal-oxide":[9],"semiconductor":[10],"(cryo-CMOS)":[11],"circuits,":[12],"for":[13,60,72,149],"implementing":[14,61],"required":[16,178],"control":[17],"electronics":[18],"to":[19,46,55,110,120,179],"manipulate":[20],"quantum":[22,42,66,150,188],"bit":[23],"(qubit)":[24],"state,":[25],"is":[26,94,109,161,190],"performed":[27],"over":[28],"last":[30],"few":[31],"years.":[32],"Scalability":[33],"constitutes":[34],"a":[35,57,80,185],"key":[36,81],"term":[37],"regarding":[38],"evolution":[40],"computing":[43,151],"from":[44],"theory":[45],"practical":[47],"application":[48],"and":[49,76,135,143,171],"CMOS":[50],"technology":[51],"has":[52],"been":[53,156],"proven":[54],"be":[56],"promising":[58],"candidate":[59],"coveted":[63],"scalable":[64,187],"next-generation":[65],"computers":[67],"(QCs).":[68],"Mixed-signal":[69],"blocks,":[70],"used":[71],"uniting":[73],"analog":[75],"digital":[77],"domains,":[78],"play":[79],"role":[82],"in":[83,98,106,158,163],"efficient":[85,112],"functionality":[86],"qubit":[89,122],"control/readout":[90],"system,":[91],"thus":[92],"there":[93],"an":[95],"ever-increasing":[96],"interest":[97],"their":[99],"high-performance":[100],"circuit":[101,147],"realization.":[102],"The":[103],"critical":[104],"challenge":[105],"this":[107,164],"venture":[108],"achieve":[111],"operation":[114],"at":[115,130],"low":[116,131],"temperatures,":[117],"i.e.,":[118],"close":[119],"around":[123],"4":[124],"K,":[125],"simultaneously":[126],"keeping":[127],"power":[128],"requirements":[129],"values.":[132],"An":[133],"overview":[134],"comparison":[136],"cryo-CMOS":[139],"Digital-to-Analog":[140],"converter":[141,145],"(DAC)":[142],"Analog-to-Digital":[144],"(ADC)":[146],"implementations":[148],"applications":[152],"that":[153,175],"heretofore":[154],"have":[155],"proposed":[157],"literature":[160],"presented":[162],"work.":[165],"discussion":[167],"challenges":[170],"future":[172],"strategic":[173],"steps":[174],"are":[176],"henceforth":[177],"proceed":[180],"toward":[181],"functional":[186],"computer":[189],"also":[191],"conducted.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}