{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3090924470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas45731.2020.9181250","title":"Analog Circuits to Accelerate the Relaxation Process in the Equilibrium Propagation Algorithm","display_name":"Analog Circuits to Accelerate the Relaxation Process in the Equilibrium Propagation Algorithm","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3090924470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas45731.2020.9181250","mag":"3090924470"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas45731.2020.9181250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas45731.2020.9181250","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007492224","display_name":"Armin Najarpour Foroushani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7960-332X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Najarpour Foroushani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070037276","display_name":"Hussein Assaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4987-8423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussein Assaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050642513","display_name":"Fereidoon Hashemi Noshahr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7451-9946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fereidoon Hashemi Noshahr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038488044","display_name":"Yvon Savaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3404-9959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yvon Savaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082509767","display_name":"Mohamad Sawan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4137-7272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Sawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Westlake University, and Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Westlake University, and Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7291246056556702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.646673321723938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5668118000030518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relaxation","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","score":0.5242393612861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5178351998329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.47795534133911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.44612613320350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analogue-electronics","display_name":"Analogue electronics","score":0.42049431800842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4182947278022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossover","display_name":"Crossover","score":0.41401568055152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4102843403816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19405022263526917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7291246056556702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.646673321723938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5668118000030518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3935810","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5242393612861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5178351998329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.47795534133911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.44612613320350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29074008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174925","display_name":"Analogue electronics","level":3,"score":0.42049431800842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4182947278022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122507166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628906","display_name":"Crossover","level":2,"score":0.41401568055152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4102843403816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19405022263526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas45731.2020.9181250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas45731.2020.9181250","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:49497","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/49497/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Communication de conf\u00e9rence"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022733260","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2112246162","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2161677160","https://openalex.org/W2162811812","https://openalex.org/W2163068376","https://openalex.org/W2272300165","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2406349003","https://openalex.org/W2431931973","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2527798464","https://openalex.org/W2565125333","https://openalex.org/W2757698722","https://openalex.org/W2799518365","https://openalex.org/W2893177448","https://openalex.org/W2906264008","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921837326","https://openalex.org/W2950656546","https://openalex.org/W2964333985","https://openalex.org/W2970022916","https://openalex.org/W3102169921","https://openalex.org/W3212501011","https://openalex.org/W4288345675","https://openalex.org/W4382987554","https://openalex.org/W6684103517","https://openalex.org/W6684425518","https://openalex.org/W6693859313","https://openalex.org/W6754968808","https://openalex.org/W6763161210","https://openalex.org/W6803869779","https://openalex.org/W7038694145"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2375192119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Equilibrium":[0],"Propagation":[1],"(EP)":[2],"is":[3,34,60,71,104],"a":[4,74,92],"novel":[5],"biologically":[6],"plausible":[7],"algorithm":[8],"for":[9,46],"training":[10],"deep":[11],"neural":[12],"networks.":[13],"However,":[14],"discrete":[15],"time":[16,88],"implementations":[17],"of":[18,26,67,89,94],"EP":[19,90],"could":[20],"not":[21],"exploit":[22],"the":[23,31,47,57,64,80,86,113],"full":[24],"potential":[25,114],"its":[27,52,98],"proposed":[28],"framework,":[29],"because":[30],"relaxation":[32,48],"step":[33],"slow":[35],"on":[36,63,118],"digital":[37],"architectures.":[38],"Here,":[39],"we":[40],"propose":[41],"an":[42],"analog":[43],"circuit":[44,70],"implementation":[45,84,103],"process":[49,59],"to":[50,97,106,115],"accelerate":[51],"convergence.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55,102],"implementation,":[56],"optimization":[58],"executed":[61],"based":[62],"continuous-time":[65],"dynamics":[66],"EP.":[68],"Our":[69],"validated":[72],"using":[73],"Continuous":[75],"Hopfield":[76],"Network":[77],"prototype":[78],"emulating":[79],"XOR":[81],"function.":[82],"This":[83],"improved":[85],"convergence":[87],"by":[91],"factor":[93],"250":[95],"compared":[96],"Python":[99],"counterpart.":[100],"As":[101],"scalable":[105],"learn":[107],"more":[108],"complex":[109],"functions,":[110],"it":[111],"has":[112],"be":[116],"applied":[117],"higher-dimensionality":[119],"datasets.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}