{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2513068898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2016.7538991","title":"Synaptic sampling in hardware spiking neural networks","display_name":"Synaptic sampling in hardware spiking neural networks","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2513068898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2016.7538991","mag":"2513068898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2016.7538991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2016.7538991","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010462308","display_name":"Sadique Sheik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0302-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133661","display_name":"La Jolla Bioengineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03sgbh608","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133661"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadique Sheik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I4210133661"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100619719","display_name":"Somnath Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9908-669X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somnath Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085682261","display_name":"Charles Augustine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8892-6286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Augustine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034051574","display_name":"Chinnikrishna Kothapalli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chinnikrishna Kothapalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036997390","display_name":"Muhammad Khellah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9651-5639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad M Khellah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059013717","display_name":"Gert Cauwenberghs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3166-5529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133661","display_name":"La Jolla Bioengineering Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03sgbh608","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133661"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gert Cauwenberghs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I4210133661"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060924942","display_name":"Emre Neftci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-3273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Neftci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Sciences, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73951069,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"2090","last_page":"2093"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.8443992137908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7384565472602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.6537953019142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6057844161987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5997262001037598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.5558849573135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synapse","display_name":"Synapse","score":0.5375397205352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boltzmann-machine","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","score":0.5046766996383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4921778738498688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.4781949520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-neural-network","display_name":"Stochastic neural network","score":0.4317479729652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37627434730529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.2677032947540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.14153927564620972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.8443992137908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7384565472602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.6537953019142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6057844161987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5997262001037598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.5558849573135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127445978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187181","display_name":"Synapse","level":2,"score":0.5375397205352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192576344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194706","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","level":3,"score":0.5046766996383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4921778738498688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.4781949520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86582703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617824","display_name":"Stochastic neural network","level":4,"score":0.4317479729652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37627434730529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.2677032947540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.14153927564620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2016.7538991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2016.7538991","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4919037","https://openalex.org/W2002700944","https://openalex.org/W2022733260","https://openalex.org/W2102492718","https://openalex.org/W2118354656","https://openalex.org/W2131763976","https://openalex.org/W2174347865","https://openalex.org/W6600213771","https://openalex.org/W6651360156"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128151361","https://openalex.org/W4281699635","https://openalex.org/W4321472116","https://openalex.org/W3202619090","https://openalex.org/W3102040318","https://openalex.org/W4287724471","https://openalex.org/W2902142523","https://openalex.org/W4386227043","https://openalex.org/W3214713078","https://openalex.org/W2786930404"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"a":[1,73,88,110],"neural":[2,85,106],"sampling":[3,60],"approach,":[4],"networks":[5,32,86,107],"of":[6,72],"stochastic":[7,100,128,136],"spiking":[8,105],"neurons,":[9],"interconnected":[10],"with":[11,99,144],"plastic":[12],"synapses,":[13],"have":[14,138],"been":[15],"used":[16],"to":[17,47],"construct":[18],"computational":[19,152],"machines":[20],"such":[21,31],"as":[22,142],"Restricted":[23],"Boltzmann":[24],"Machines":[25,43,54],"(RBMs).":[26],"Previous":[27],"work":[28],"towards":[29],"building":[30],"achieved":[33],"lower":[34,151],"performances":[35],"than":[36],"traditional":[37],"RBMs.":[38,50],"More":[39],"recently,":[40],"Synaptic":[41,52],"Sampling":[42,53],"(SSMs)":[44],"were":[45],"shown":[46],"outperform":[48],"equivalent":[49],"In":[51,92],"(SSMs),":[55],"the":[56,59,64,69,139],"stochasticity":[57,83],"for":[58,81,123,127],"is":[61],"generated":[62],"at":[63],"synapse.":[65],"Stochastic":[66],"synapses":[67,101,131,137,143],"play":[68],"dual":[70],"role":[71],"regularizer":[74],"during":[75],"learning":[76],"and":[77,129,132],"an":[78],"efficient":[79],"mechanism":[80],"implementing":[82],"in":[84,103,113],"over":[87],"wide":[89],"dynamic":[90],"range.":[91],"this":[93],"paper":[94],"we":[95],"show":[96],"that":[97,135],"SSMs":[98],"implemented":[102],"FPGA-based":[104],"can":[108],"obtain":[109],"high":[111],"accuracy":[112,122],"classifying":[114],"MNIST":[115],"handwritten":[116],"digit":[117],"database.":[118],"We":[119],"compare":[120],"classification":[121],"different":[124],"bit":[125,146],"precision":[126,147],"non-stochastic":[130],"further":[133],"argue":[134],"same":[140],"effect":[141],"higher":[145],"but":[148],"require":[149],"significantly":[150],"resources.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
