{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2009540753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2014.6865753","title":"Practical homomorphic encryption: A survey","display_name":"Practical homomorphic encryption: A survey","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2009540753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2014.6865753","mag":"2009540753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2014.6865753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2014.6865753","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/17845072/Practical_Homomorphic_Encryption_Survey_CameraReady.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108602575","display_name":"Ciara Moore","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ciara Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland","Centre for Secure Inf. Technol. (CSIT), Queen's Univ. Belfast, Belfast, , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Inf. Technol. (CSIT), Queen's Univ. Belfast, Belfast, , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110242573","display_name":"M\u00e1ire O\u2019Neill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maire O'Neill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland","Centre for Secure Inf. Technol. (CSIT), Queen's Univ. Belfast, Belfast, , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Inf. Technol. (CSIT), Queen's Univ. Belfast, Belfast, , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109999873","display_name":"Elizabeth O\u2019Sullivan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth O'Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland","Centre for Secure Inf. Technol. (CSIT), Queen's Univ. Belfast, Belfast, , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Secure Inf. Technol. (CSIT), Queen's Univ. Belfast, Belfast, , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086897887","display_name":"Yark\u0131n Dor\u00f6z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-6239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yarkin Doroz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vernam Lab, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","Vernam Lab., Worcester Polytech. Inst., Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vernam Lab, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vernam Lab., Worcester Polytech. Inst., Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066592325","display_name":"Berk Sunar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5404-5368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berk Sunar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vernam Lab, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","Vernam Lab., Worcester Polytech. Inst., Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vernam Lab, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vernam Lab., Worcester Polytech. Inst., Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3436,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96431224,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2792","last_page":"2795"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.9256199598312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8052229881286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.723793625831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.6663051247596741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6581171751022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6082395911216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/client-side-encryption","display_name":"Client-side encryption","score":0.605430006980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5044137239456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-the-fly-encryption","display_name":"On-the-fly encryption","score":0.16010230779647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14060986042022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.11488988995552063}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.9256199598312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8052229881286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.723793625831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6663051247596741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6581171751022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6082395911216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166501710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5132476","display_name":"Client-side encryption","level":4,"score":0.605430006980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5044137239456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147977885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117010","display_name":"On-the-fly encryption","level":3,"score":0.16010230779647827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14060986042022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.11488988995552063}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2014.6865753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2014.6865753","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/dbddc9da-2305-49ee-aa5f-538fec270166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/dbddc9da-2305-49ee-aa5f-538fec270166","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/17845072/Practical_Homomorphic_Encryption_Survey_CameraReady.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Moore, C, O'Neill, M, O'Sullivan, E, Dor\u00f6z, Y & Sunar, B 2014, Practical homomorphic encryption: A survey. in Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2014 IEEE International Symposium on . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp. 2792-2795. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS.2014.6865753","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/dbddc9da-2305-49ee-aa5f-538fec270166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/dbddc9da-2305-49ee-aa5f-538fec270166","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/17845072/Practical_Homomorphic_Encryption_Survey_CameraReady.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Moore, C, O'Neill, M, O'Sullivan, E, Dor\u00f6z, Y & Sunar, B 2014, Practical homomorphic encryption: A survey. in Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2014 IEEE International Symposium on . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp. 2792-2795. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS.2014.6865753","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5334834590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/H049606/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5445011987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K004379/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5852256071","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G007586/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5947763346","display_name":"TWC: Small: Towards Practical Fully Homomorphic Encryption","funder_award_id":"1319130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6687034185","display_name":"TC: Small: Homomorphic Encryption for Cloud Privacy","funder_award_id":"1117590","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G745166385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G034303/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7778643072","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J006238/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2009540753.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2009540753.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17575016","https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W150223756","https://openalex.org/W159145550","https://openalex.org/W166833272","https://openalex.org/W1494049356","https://openalex.org/W1497981337","https://openalex.org/W1575598731","https://openalex.org/W1580045882","https://openalex.org/W1755636270","https://openalex.org/W1850468005","https://openalex.org/W1874619058","https://openalex.org/W1948403713","https://openalex.org/W1966731635","https://openalex.org/W1992282993","https://openalex.org/W1994457675","https://openalex.org/W2038977209","https://openalex.org/W2042872772","https://openalex.org/W2048994663","https://openalex.org/W2052435632","https://openalex.org/W2061949491","https://openalex.org/W2069692482","https://openalex.org/W2070982178","https://openalex.org/W2071825329","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2113992957","https://openalex.org/W2129580084","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2142358564","https://openalex.org/W2153886246","https://openalex.org/W2156030242","https://openalex.org/W2164327070","https://openalex.org/W2262230508","https://openalex.org/W2295523250","https://openalex.org/W2398715209","https://openalex.org/W2401959250","https://openalex.org/W2407631014","https://openalex.org/W2544955103","https://openalex.org/W2949853397","https://openalex.org/W2950169363","https://openalex.org/W2950326193","https://openalex.org/W2952267894","https://openalex.org/W3028898974","https://openalex.org/W3029907917","https://openalex.org/W3125094869","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6600724108","https://openalex.org/W6606067566","https://openalex.org/W6606667148","https://openalex.org/W6629429546","https://openalex.org/W6629737677","https://openalex.org/W6632713426","https://openalex.org/W6634280684","https://openalex.org/W6634754261","https://openalex.org/W6637825192","https://openalex.org/W6639168005","https://openalex.org/W6639221033","https://openalex.org/W6641894941","https://openalex.org/W6648866964","https://openalex.org/W6668387570","https://openalex.org/W6677169745","https://openalex.org/W6712714140","https://openalex.org/W6713019613","https://openalex.org/W6713765525","https://openalex.org/W6763982081","https://openalex.org/W6778235226"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2887779253","https://openalex.org/W4388857716","https://openalex.org/W4319296593","https://openalex.org/W1964796915","https://openalex.org/W1964306602","https://openalex.org/W2372014581","https://openalex.org/W1702090048","https://openalex.org/W1938818454","https://openalex.org/W4288324285","https://openalex.org/W4313046019"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cloud":[0],"computing":[1],"technology":[2],"has":[3],"rapidly":[4],"evolved":[5],"over":[6,80],"the":[7,58,62,78,81,86,109,131,135,146],"last":[8,82],"decade,":[9],"offering":[10],"an":[11,27],"alternative":[12],"way":[13,101],"to":[14,53],"store":[15],"and":[16,60,116,144],"work":[17],"with":[18],"large":[19],"amounts":[20],"of":[21,41,71,88,91,111,124,134,142],"data.":[22],"However":[23],"data":[24,55],"security":[25],"remains":[26,94],"important":[28],"issue":[29],"particularly":[30],"when":[31],"using":[32],"a":[33],"public":[34],"cloud":[35,59,66],"service":[36],"provider.":[37],"The":[38],"recent":[39],"area":[40,141],"homomorphic":[42,74,125],"cryptography":[43,75],"allows":[44],"computation":[45],"on":[46,57,73],"encrypted":[47],"data,":[48],"which":[49],"would":[50],"allow":[51],"users":[52],"ensure":[54],"privacy":[56],"increase":[61],"potential":[63],"market":[64],"for":[65,96,122],"computing.":[67],"A":[68],"significant":[69],"amount":[70],"research":[72,143],"appeared":[76],"in":[77,137],"literature":[79],"few":[83],"years;":[84],"yet":[85],"performance":[87],"existing":[89],"implementations":[90,123],"encryption":[92,126],"schemes":[93],"unsuitable":[95],"real":[97],"time":[98],"applications.":[99],"One":[100],"this":[102,138],"limitation":[103],"is":[104,107],"being":[105],"addressed":[106],"through":[108],"use":[110],"graphics":[112],"processing":[113],"units":[114],"(GPUs)":[115],"field":[117],"programmable":[118],"gate":[119],"arrays":[120],"(FPGAs)":[121],"schemes.":[127],"This":[128],"review":[129],"presents":[130],"current":[132],"state":[133],"art":[136],"promising":[139],"new":[140],"highlights":[145],"interesting":[147],"remaining":[148],"open":[149],"problems.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
