{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038011252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2014.6865598","title":"Highly reliable memory-based Physical Unclonable Function using Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM","display_name":"Highly reliable memory-based Physical Unclonable Function using Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038011252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2014.6865598","mag":"2038011252"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2014.6865598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2014.6865598","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/104944/1/Highly%20reliable%20memory-based%20Physical%20Unclonable%20Function%20using%20Spin-Transfer%20Torque%20MRAM.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350625","display_name":"Le Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3708-1727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085588788","display_name":"Xuanyao Fong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5939-7389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanyao Fong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029335324","display_name":"Chip-Hong Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-6176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chip-Hong Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102243210","display_name":"Zhi Hui Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4522-796X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Hui Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101602034","display_name":"Kaushik Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2727-6704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.397,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98760004,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2169","last_page":"2172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.9156116247177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.6799343824386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.6695895195007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-transfer-torque","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","score":0.630106508731842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6289973258972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6146144866943359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5042299032211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.5001161098480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.4772929251194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.41448843479156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.37541842460632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3394702076911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.27554476261138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.26584941148757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.113371342420578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09631139039993286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.9156116247177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.6799343824386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.6695895195007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C609986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844840","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","level":4,"score":0.630106508731842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6289973258972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6146144866943359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5042299032211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.5001161098480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.4772929251194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.41448843479156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.37541842460632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3394702076911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27554476261138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.26584941148757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.113371342420578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09631139039993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32546565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856711","display_name":"Magnetization","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2014.6865598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2014.6865598","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/104944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10220/25885","pdf_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/104944/1/Highly%20reliable%20memory-based%20Physical%20Unclonable%20Function%20using%20Spin-Transfer%20Torque%20MRAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/156213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/156213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Elements","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/104944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10220/25885","pdf_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/104944/1/Highly%20reliable%20memory-based%20Physical%20Unclonable%20Function%20using%20Spin-Transfer%20Torque%20MRAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2038011252.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2038011252.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532483809","https://openalex.org/W2009481135","https://openalex.org/W2031948068","https://openalex.org/W2035925590","https://openalex.org/W2040579068","https://openalex.org/W2080284304","https://openalex.org/W2096470311","https://openalex.org/W2114476616","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2138874069","https://openalex.org/W2163731335","https://openalex.org/W2526202524","https://openalex.org/W2570008916","https://openalex.org/W6631862039","https://openalex.org/W6681749759"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388285079","https://openalex.org/W2546997659","https://openalex.org/W2733919783","https://openalex.org/W2425808153","https://openalex.org/W2755565482","https://openalex.org/W2954427616","https://openalex.org/W4294167375","https://openalex.org/W4362564225","https://openalex.org/W4311263387","https://openalex.org/W2781034093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,28],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Physical":[3],"Unclonable":[4],"Function":[5],"(PUF)":[6],"based":[7,35],"on":[8,36],"the":[9,58,68,78,86,101,111],"inimitable":[10],"and":[11,125],"unpredictable":[12],"disorder":[13],"of":[14,60,88,103,123,127],"physical":[15],"devices":[16],"has":[17],"emerged":[18],"to":[19,24,67,116],"address":[20],"security":[21],"issues":[22],"related":[23],"cryptographic":[25],"key":[26,49],"generation.":[27],"this":[29],"paper,":[30],"a":[31,48],"novel":[32],"memory-based":[33],"PUF":[34],"Spin-Transfer":[37],"Torque":[38],"(STT)":[39],"Magnetic":[40],"RAM,":[41],"named":[42],"as":[43,47],"STT-PUF,":[44],"is":[45,97,114,141],"proposed":[46,98,112],"generation":[50],"primitive":[51],"for":[52],"embedded":[53],"computing":[54],"systems.":[55],"By":[56],"comparing":[57],"resistances":[59],"STT-MRAM":[61],"memory":[62],"cells":[63],"which":[64],"are":[65],"initialized":[66],"same":[69],"state,":[70],"response":[71,89,119],"bits":[72,90,120],"can":[73],"be":[74],"generated":[75],"by":[76],"exploiting":[77],"inherent":[79],"random":[80],"mismatches":[81],"between":[82],"them.":[83],"To":[84],"enhance":[85],"robustness":[87],"regeneration,":[91],"an":[92],"Automatic":[93],"Write-Back":[94],"(AWB)":[95],"technique":[96],"without":[99],"compromising":[100],"resilience":[102],"STT-PUF":[104,113],"against":[105],"possible":[106],"attacks.":[107],"Simulations":[108],"show":[109],"that":[110],"able":[115],"produce":[117],"raw":[118],"with":[121],"uniqueness":[122],"50.1%":[124],"entropy":[126],"0.985":[128],"bit":[129],"per":[130],"cell.":[131],"The":[132],"worst-case":[133],"Bit-Error":[134],"Rate":[135],"(BER)":[136],"under":[137],"varying":[138],"operating":[139],"conditions":[140],"6.6":[142],"\u00d7":[143],"10":[144],"<sup":[145],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[146],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-6</sup>":[147],".":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
