{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2141191344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2011.5937831","title":"A 5s-time-constant temperature-stable integrator for a tuneable PID controller in LOC applications","display_name":"A 5s-time-constant temperature-stable integrator for a tuneable PID controller in LOC applications","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2141191344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2011.5937831","mag":"2141191344"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2011.5937831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2011.5937831","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101698140","display_name":"Yuanqi Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-6603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanqi Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK","Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350985","display_name":"Yan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5616-9428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Bio-inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK","Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Bio-inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017596402","display_name":"Timothy G. Constandinou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9778-1162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy G. Constandinou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, London, GB","Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, London, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035891124","display_name":"C. Toumazou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-7360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christofer Toumazou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, London, GB","Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, London, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101698140"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2157,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60668694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1387","last_page":"1390"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10412","display_name":"Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrator","display_name":"Integrator","score":0.8472030162811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.7354227304458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/micropower","display_name":"Micropower","score":0.7230530977249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-constant","display_name":"Time constant","score":0.6807401776313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.6171246767044067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5181840062141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.4644714891910553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.46421483159065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-amplifier","display_name":"Operational amplifier","score":0.41358980536460876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4080039858818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.2821567952632904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2533248960971832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.2492760717868805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23919817805290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.21254807710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20846593379974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.15066486597061157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08299371600151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.06841826438903809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79518650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081431","display_name":"Integrator","level":3,"score":0.8472030162811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.7354227304458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2851963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839950","display_name":"Micropower","level":3,"score":0.7230530977249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81370116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335249","display_name":"Time constant","level":2,"score":0.6807401776313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6171246767044067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5181840062141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.4644714891910553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.46421483159065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145366948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178947","display_name":"Operational amplifier","level":4,"score":0.41358980536460876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4080039858818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.2821567952632904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2533248960971832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.2492760717868805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23919817805290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.21254807710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20846593379974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.15066486597061157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08299371600151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.06841826438903809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2011.5937831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2011.5937831","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/6897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.iscas2011.org/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"1390","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576002325","https://openalex.org/W1602337583","https://openalex.org/W1602557324","https://openalex.org/W1685127180","https://openalex.org/W1901250586","https://openalex.org/W1941578700","https://openalex.org/W1975687263","https://openalex.org/W2059054388","https://openalex.org/W2061296330","https://openalex.org/W2096987478","https://openalex.org/W2154326304","https://openalex.org/W4206315045","https://openalex.org/W6639792223","https://openalex.org/W6640799462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2787712804","https://openalex.org/W2154282023","https://openalex.org/W1555948307","https://openalex.org/W2380060347","https://openalex.org/W1646295768","https://openalex.org/W2154232076","https://openalex.org/W1766148202","https://openalex.org/W1977391367","https://openalex.org/W1596270481","https://openalex.org/W1978931185"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,46],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,11,29,67],"novel,":[6],"ultra-long-time-constant":[7],"analogue":[8],"integrator":[9],"for":[10],"PID":[12],"controller":[13],"in":[14],"Lab-on-Chip":[15],"(LOC)":[16],"applications.":[17],"A":[18],"time":[19,55],"constant":[20,56],"of":[21,31,70],"up":[22],"to":[23,51,59,77],"5":[24],"seconds":[25],"is":[26],"achievable":[27],"using":[28],"capacitance":[30],"only":[32],"18pF":[33],"by":[34],"exploiting":[35],"transconductance":[36],"reduction":[37],"techniques":[38],"involving":[39],"current":[40],"splitting":[41],"and":[42],"gm-attenuated":[43],"OTA.":[44],"Additionally,":[45],"architecture":[47],"provides":[48],"the":[49,54,73],"ability":[50],"digitally":[52],"tune":[53],"from":[57,75],"200ms":[58],"5s":[60],"with":[61,79],"4-bit":[62],"programmability.":[63],"The":[64],"design":[65],"achieves":[66],"temperature":[68],"dependance":[69],"1.2%":[71],"over":[72],"range":[74],"0\u00b0C":[76],"100\u00b0C":[78],"micropower":[80],"consumption.":[81]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}