{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2144922848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2009.5118036","title":"Sub-threshold operation and cross-hierarchy design for ultra low power wearable sensors","display_name":"Sub-threshold operation and cross-hierarchy design for ultra low power wearable sensors","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2144922848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2009.5118036","mag":"2144922848"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2009.5118036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2009.5118036","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080557997","display_name":"Benton H. Calhoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3770-5050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benton H. Calhoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035419060","display_name":"Jonathan Bolus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Bolus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109252424","display_name":"Sudhanshu Khanna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudhanshu Khanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008507000","display_name":"Andrew D. Jurik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew D. Jurik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062674839","display_name":"Alfred C. Weaver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-7142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfred C. Weaver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052459832","display_name":"Travis N. Blalock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6084-0843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Travis N. Blalock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1437","last_page":"1440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.8578068614006042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.6906725764274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6780624389648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5849330425262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-area-network","display_name":"Body area network","score":0.5407735109329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-node","display_name":"Sensor node","score":0.48969557881355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4717591404914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-electronics","display_name":"Digital electronics","score":0.45896315574645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.43896886706352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.43211862444877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4275360703468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.40085747838020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.37757229804992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2707296311855316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-distribution-in-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","score":0.25476256012916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.20894604921340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1884796917438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.15889033675193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15424296259880066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.8578068614006042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.6906725764274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6780624389648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5849330425262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88737568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890056","display_name":"Body area network","level":3,"score":0.5407735109329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111185680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3866206","display_name":"Sensor node","level":5,"score":0.48969557881355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4717591404914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81843906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173156","display_name":"Digital electronics","level":3,"score":0.45896315574645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43896886706352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.43211862444877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4275360703468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.40085747838020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.37757229804992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2707296311855316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.25476256012916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.20894604921340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1884796917438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.15889033675193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15424296259880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2009.5118036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2009.5118036","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.959.783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.959.783","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://rlpvlsi.ece.virginia.edu/sites/default/files/Calhoun_ISCAS2009_wear_paper.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.964.5444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.964.5444","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.virginia.edu/jurik/docs/calhoun-iscas-2009.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W633594338","https://openalex.org/W1967171495","https://openalex.org/W1969849466","https://openalex.org/W2078366211","https://openalex.org/W2101466451","https://openalex.org/W2108519747","https://openalex.org/W2157072231","https://openalex.org/W2160017277","https://openalex.org/W4244736679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161256549","https://openalex.org/W3090300519","https://openalex.org/W2514492205","https://openalex.org/W4250401876","https://openalex.org/W2943851981","https://openalex.org/W2566526749","https://openalex.org/W4382561546","https://openalex.org/W2907667791","https://openalex.org/W4384383135","https://openalex.org/W3047461507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,14,41,80,101,111,121],"requirements":[4],"of":[5,17,86,94,114,120],"wearable":[6,26,47,54,89],"sensing":[7],"applications":[8],"and":[9,28],"their":[10],"implications":[11],"for":[12,25,99],"designing":[13],"next":[15],"generation":[16],"body":[18,31],"area":[19,32],"sensors.":[20,38,90],"We":[21,104],"define":[22],"key":[23],"metrics":[24],"sensors":[27,33],"discuss":[29],"how":[30,68],"differ":[34],"from":[35,52],"generic":[36],"wireless":[37],"To":[39],"explore":[40],"system":[42],"level":[43],"issues":[44],"with":[45],"a":[46,53],"node,":[48],"we":[49,66,107],"show":[50,67],"measurements":[51],"electrocardiogram":[55],"(ECG)":[56],"sensor":[57,123],"prototype.":[58],"Using":[59],"heart":[60],"rate":[61],"monitoring":[62],"as":[63],"an":[64],"example,":[65],"ultra":[69],"low":[70],"power":[71,84,115],"(ULP)":[72],"circuit":[73],"design":[74,119],"must":[75],"be":[76],"applied":[77],"to":[78],"support":[79],"stringent":[81],"energy":[82],"and/or":[83],"demands":[85],"long":[87],"life":[88],"Specifically,":[91],"sub-threshold":[92],"operation":[93],"digital":[95,128],"circuits":[96],"creates":[97],"opportunities":[98],"re-thinking":[100],"entire":[102,122],"system.":[103],"conclude":[105],"that":[106,125],"can":[108],"only":[109],"reach":[110],"lower":[112],"limits":[113],"consumption":[116],"through":[117],"cross-hierarchy":[118],"node":[124],"leverages":[126],"ULP":[127],"circuits.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
