{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2171394230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2008.4541726","title":"A CMOS image sensor with spiking pixels for retinal stimulation","display_name":"A CMOS image sensor with spiking pixels for retinal stimulation","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2171394230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2008.4541726","mag":"2171394230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2008.4541726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2008.4541726","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101470009","display_name":"Yan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0226-0928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061192370","display_name":"Emmanuel M. Drakakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6649-0573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel M. Drakakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038289380","display_name":"C. Toumazou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109636","display_name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01kmhx639","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210109636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Toumazou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109636","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021118449","display_name":"Patrick Degenaar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5984-6698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109636","display_name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01kmhx639","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210109636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Degenaar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109636","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101470009"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3524,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53428476,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1548","last_page":"1551"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7878720760345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6122315526008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-implant","display_name":"Retinal implant","score":0.5081450939178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.47698694467544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.4555252492427826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.386100709438324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.30221208930015564}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7878720760345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6122315526008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158383150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3149439","display_name":"Retinal implant","level":3,"score":0.5081450939178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.47698694467544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.4555252492427826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.386100709438324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.30221208930015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342","display_name":"Retina","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iscas.2008.4541726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2008.4541726","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538854016","https://openalex.org/W2048511744","https://openalex.org/W2134255327","https://openalex.org/W2168345970","https://openalex.org/W6632412992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349576212","https://openalex.org/W1981776476","https://openalex.org/W2352535872","https://openalex.org/W1590693222","https://openalex.org/W2382967348","https://openalex.org/W2944239605","https://openalex.org/W1873415836","https://openalex.org/W2334823507","https://openalex.org/W2107073676","https://openalex.org/W2565551736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,131],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,9],"CMOS":[4,42],"image":[5],"sensor":[6,70],"intended":[7],"for":[8,134],"novel":[10],"optoelectronic":[11],"retinal":[12],"prosthesis.":[13],"Each":[14,45],"pixel":[15,34],"acts":[16],"as":[17],"an":[18,72],"independent":[19],"oscillator,":[20],"whose":[21],"frequency":[22,122],"is":[23],"controlled":[24],"by":[25],"the":[26,56,69,86,101,119,135],"incident":[27,102],"light":[28,103],"intensity.":[29],"A":[30],"9":[31,33],"x":[32],"array":[35,57],"was":[36],"fabricated":[37],"in":[38],"AMS":[39],"0.35":[40,107],"mum":[41,51],"Opto":[43],"Process.":[44],"pixel's":[46,120],"area":[47],"amounts":[48],"to":[49,82,95,112,127],"25600":[50],"<sup":[52,61,109,115],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[53,62,110,116],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[54,63,111,117],"with":[55],"occupying":[58],"2.89":[59],"mm":[60],".":[64],"Measured":[65],"results":[66],"show":[67],"that":[68],"achieves":[71],"overall":[73],"dynamic":[74],"range":[75],"of":[76,138],"143":[77],"dB":[78],"(from":[79],"34":[80],"mHz":[81],"502":[83],"KHz)":[84],"when":[85,100],"controlling":[87],"bias":[88],"current":[89],"value":[90],"varies":[91,105],"from":[92,106,124],"0.2":[93],"pA":[94],"5":[96],"muA":[97],"respectively.":[98,130],"Similarly,":[99],"intensity":[104],"muW/cm":[108],"3.5":[113],"mW/cm":[114],",":[118],"oscillation":[121],"changes":[123],"0.24":[125],"Hz":[126],"2.2":[128],"KHz":[129],"performance":[132],"suffices":[133],"optical":[136],"stimulation":[137],"photosensitized":[139],"RGCs.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
