{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4231427385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2014.6853237","title":"Towards energy proportionality for large-scale latency-critical workloads","display_name":"Towards energy proportionality for large-scale latency-critical workloads","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4231427385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2014.6853237"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isca.2014.6853237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2014.6853237","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 ACM/IEEE 41st International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101953303","display_name":"David Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2585-5473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103650410","display_name":"Liqun Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqun Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001964650","display_name":"Rama Govindaraju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3783-7150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rama Govindaraju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057539565","display_name":"Luiz Andr\u00e9 Barroso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7854-9955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luiz Andre Barroso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042148531","display_name":"Christos Kozyrakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3154-7530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Kozyrakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101953303"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":44.1783,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":148,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99798844,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"301","last_page":"312"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7549190521240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6415344476699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.632624626159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.545229434967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportionality","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","score":0.4672076106071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.44418448209762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.42720815539360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-management","display_name":"Power management","score":0.4111431837081909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34276294708251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.34035778045654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.19294250011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10493996739387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09465441107749939}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7549190521240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6415344476699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.632624626159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.545229434967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.4672076106071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.44418448209762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42720815539360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778774385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4437810","display_name":"Power management","level":3,"score":0.4111431837081909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34276294708251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34035778045654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.19294250011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10493996739387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09465441107749939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isca.2014.6853237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2014.6853237","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 ACM/IEEE 41st International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151871119","https://openalex.org/W1965259547","https://openalex.org/W1982063824","https://openalex.org/W1998310976","https://openalex.org/W2004301625","https://openalex.org/W2004400944","https://openalex.org/W2017472544","https://openalex.org/W2017751491","https://openalex.org/W2023214828","https://openalex.org/W2032866865","https://openalex.org/W2032927936","https://openalex.org/W2059634925","https://openalex.org/W2084226860","https://openalex.org/W2093582532","https://openalex.org/W2098395496","https://openalex.org/W2100346277","https://openalex.org/W2102709380","https://openalex.org/W2113812175","https://openalex.org/W2116390552","https://openalex.org/W2117299787","https://openalex.org/W2117544540","https://openalex.org/W2118651798","https://openalex.org/W2125381034","https://openalex.org/W2130010548","https://openalex.org/W2133181071","https://openalex.org/W2133982498","https://openalex.org/W2134807578","https://openalex.org/W2143773524","https://openalex.org/W2153204735","https://openalex.org/W2154169726","https://openalex.org/W2160804075","https://openalex.org/W2296699588","https://openalex.org/W4231628338","https://openalex.org/W4240923258","https://openalex.org/W4312920248","https://openalex.org/W6606183382","https://openalex.org/W6671554835","https://openalex.org/W6675036873","https://openalex.org/W6677048682","https://openalex.org/W6681521291","https://openalex.org/W6719526839"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3212262305","https://openalex.org/W2092530219","https://openalex.org/W4238814147","https://openalex.org/W12604237","https://openalex.org/W2388464034","https://openalex.org/W2533125852","https://openalex.org/W2140460949","https://openalex.org/W2105580438","https://openalex.org/W4214747436","https://openalex.org/W2953002963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reducing":[0],"the":[1,30,68],"energy":[2,23,57,69],"footprint":[3],"of":[4,22,25,45,71,132],"warehouse-scale":[5],"computer":[6],"(WSC)":[7],"systems":[8],"is":[9],"key":[10],"to":[11,16,41,90,107,123],"their":[12],"affordability,":[13],"yet":[14],"difficult":[15],"achieve":[17],"in":[18,80,97],"practice.":[19],"The":[20],"lack":[21],"proportionality":[24,70],"typical":[26],"WSC":[27,56,72],"hardware":[28],"and":[29],"fact":[31],"that":[32,65,128],"important":[33],"workloads":[34],"(such":[35],"as":[36,74],"search)":[37],"require":[38],"all":[39],"servers":[40],"remain":[42],"up":[43,122],"regardless":[44],"traffic":[46],"intensity":[47],"renders":[48],"existing":[49],"power":[50,94,119],"management":[51,95],"techniques":[52],"ineffective":[53],"at":[54],"reducing":[55],"use.":[58],"We":[59,125],"present":[60],"PEGASUS,":[61],"a":[62,77,81,98,129],"feedback-based":[63],"controller":[64],"significantly":[66],"improves":[67],"systems,":[73],"demonstrated":[75],"by":[76,121],"real":[78],"implementation":[79],"Google":[82],"search":[83],"cluster.":[84],"PEGASUS":[85,117,133],"uses":[86],"request":[87],"latency":[88,111],"statistics":[89],"dynamically":[91],"adjust":[92],"server":[93,103],"limits":[96],"fine-grain":[99],"manner,":[100],"running":[101],"each":[102],"just":[104],"fast":[105],"enough":[106],"meet":[108],"global":[109],"service-level":[110],"objectives.":[112],"In":[113],"large":[114],"cluster":[115],"experiments,":[116],"reduces":[118],"consumption":[120],"20%.":[124],"also":[126],"estimate":[127],"distributed":[130],"version":[131],"can":[134],"nearly":[135],"double":[136],"these":[137],"savings.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}