{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4234908104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2014.6853206","title":"Efficient digital neurons for large scale cortical architectures","display_name":"Efficient digital neurons for large scale cortical architectures","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4234908104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2014.6853206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isca.2014.6853206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2014.6853206","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 ACM/IEEE 41st International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017566347","display_name":"James E. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7908-1859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James E. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017566347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.36996174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71557307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"229","last_page":"240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neocortex","display_name":"Neocortex","score":0.8097609877586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuron","display_name":"Neuron","score":0.614757239818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5145613551139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.5010867118835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-function","display_name":"Exponential function","score":0.4703300893306732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.4539376199245453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cortical-neurons","display_name":"Cortical neurons","score":0.43992358446121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synapse","display_name":"Synapse","score":0.43522393703460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.43462440371513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.41958245635032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4147830903530121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.33575910329818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.3331817388534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23340606689453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22522053122520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.13312426209449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.10812464356422424}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777222312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726562","display_name":"Neocortex","level":2,"score":0.8097609877586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778794669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43054","display_name":"Neuron","level":2,"score":0.614757239818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5145613551139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.5010867118835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.4703300893306732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4539376199245453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983650178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75839","display_name":"Cortical neurons","level":2,"score":0.43992358446121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127445978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187181","display_name":"Synapse","level":2,"score":0.43522393703460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.43462440371513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.41958245635032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4147830903530121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.33575910329818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3331817388534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23340606689453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22522053122520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.13312426209449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10812464356422424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isca.2014.6853206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2014.6853206","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 ACM/IEEE 41st International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528492376","https://openalex.org/W1589225173","https://openalex.org/W1926086117","https://openalex.org/W1970879758","https://openalex.org/W1973327463","https://openalex.org/W1981509416","https://openalex.org/W1985392528","https://openalex.org/W1985940938","https://openalex.org/W2001465022","https://openalex.org/W2002406793","https://openalex.org/W2006370340","https://openalex.org/W2010124835","https://openalex.org/W2029924743","https://openalex.org/W2049517487","https://openalex.org/W2060956313","https://openalex.org/W2062899906","https://openalex.org/W2067323599","https://openalex.org/W2069552454","https://openalex.org/W2069764737","https://openalex.org/W2076184423","https://openalex.org/W2081411433","https://openalex.org/W2087058693","https://openalex.org/W2101927907","https://openalex.org/W2119823590","https://openalex.org/W2120259469","https://openalex.org/W2120475512","https://openalex.org/W2125454504","https://openalex.org/W2128222428","https://openalex.org/W2128432504","https://openalex.org/W2128949090","https://openalex.org/W2128965713","https://openalex.org/W2131763976","https://openalex.org/W2132475024","https://openalex.org/W2152502378","https://openalex.org/W2153287508","https://openalex.org/W2154439184","https://openalex.org/W2156640153","https://openalex.org/W2158798384","https://openalex.org/W2164653071","https://openalex.org/W2169541086","https://openalex.org/W2323986115","https://openalex.org/W4238614602","https://openalex.org/W4248914143","https://openalex.org/W6631747061","https://openalex.org/W6645387382","https://openalex.org/W6667277984","https://openalex.org/W6685314705"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310571718","https://openalex.org/W1976698932","https://openalex.org/W1990660002","https://openalex.org/W4403046753","https://openalex.org/W2950274013","https://openalex.org/W2046943246","https://openalex.org/W2384152178","https://openalex.org/W2362867711","https://openalex.org/W2415025275","https://openalex.org/W2067364169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"neurons":[1,25,43,62,76,98,134],"are":[2,26,135],"implemented":[3,27],"with":[4,82,105,193],"the":[5,16,20,29,42,95,131,147,154,170,206],"goal":[6],"of":[7,12,19,41,47,67,121,141,156,172,202],"supporting":[8],"research":[9],"and":[10,54,175],"development":[11],"architectures":[13],"which":[14],"implement":[15],"computational":[17],"paradigm":[18],"neocortex.":[21],"Four":[22],"spiking":[23],"digital":[24],"at":[28],"register":[30],"transfer":[31],"level":[32],"in":[33,85,102,125,178],"a":[34,83,90,100,115,119,139,200],"manner":[35],"that":[36,88,196],"permits":[37],"side-by-side":[38],"comparisons.":[39],"Two":[40],"contain":[44,63],"two":[45,61,74,148,162,189,203],"stages":[46,180],"exponential":[48,68],"decay,":[49],"one":[50,55,65,96,132,208],"for":[51,56,70],"synapse":[52],"conductances":[53],"membrane":[57,71,86,103],"potential.":[58,72],"The":[59,73],"other":[60],"only":[64,198],"stage":[66,75,97,133,149,163,190,209],"decay":[69,173],"respond":[77],"to":[78,114],"an":[79,106],"input":[80,122],"spike":[81],"change":[84,101],"potential":[87,104],"has":[89],"non-infinite":[91],"leading":[92,109],"edge":[93,110],"slope;":[94],"exhibit":[99],"abrupt,":[107],"infinite":[108],"slope.":[111],"This":[112,167],"leads":[113],"behavioral":[116],"difference":[117],"when":[118],"number":[120,155,171],"spikes":[123],"occur":[124],"very":[126],"close":[127],"time":[128],"proximity.":[129],"However,":[130],"as":[136,138,151],"much":[137],"factor":[140,201],"ten":[142],"more":[143],"energy":[144,194],"efficient":[145],"than":[146,205],"neurons,":[150],"measured":[152],"by":[153],"dynamic":[157],"add-equivalent":[158],"operations.":[159],"A":[160],"new":[161],"neuron":[164,168,191],"is":[165,197],"proposed.":[166],"reduces":[169],"components":[174],"implements":[176],"decays":[177],"both":[179],"via":[181],"piece-wise":[182],"linear":[183],"approximation.":[184],"Together,":[185],"these":[186],"simplifications":[187],"yield":[188],"behavior":[192],"efficiency":[195],"about":[199],"worse":[204],"simplest":[207],"neuron.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
