{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4248848781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2003.1207013","title":"Virtual simple architecture (VISA): exceeding the complexity limit in safe real-time systems","display_name":"Virtual simple architecture (VISA): exceeding the complexity limit in safe real-time systems","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4248848781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2003.1207013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isca.2003.1207013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2003.1207013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"30th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, 2003. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039796939","display_name":"Aravindh Anantaraman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aravindh Anantaraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Departments, Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Departments, Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112827588","display_name":"Kiran Seth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiran Seth","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Departments, Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Departments, Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038100171","display_name":"Kaustubh Patil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaustubh Patil","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSC Departments, Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSC Departments, Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026085229","display_name":"Eli Rotenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3979-8844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Rotenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Departments, Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Departments, Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031749427","display_name":"Frank Mueller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-0294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Mueller","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSC Departments, Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSC Departments, Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039796939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I4210145666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5282,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69943889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"350","last_page":"361"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8186063766479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7492780685424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-timing-analysis","display_name":"Static timing analysis","score":0.5332374572753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4957824647426605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/worst-case-execution-time","display_name":"Worst-case execution time","score":0.492818146944046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline-transport","display_name":"Pipeline transport","score":0.46577924489974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4179019033908844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.4178738296031952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38196247816085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3620151877403259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/execution-time","display_name":"Execution time","score":0.2679492235183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16169100999832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1021776795387268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8186063766479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7492780685424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025226","display_name":"Static timing analysis","level":2,"score":0.5332374572753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4957824647426605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200130814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362858","display_name":"Worst-case execution time","level":3,"score":0.492818146944046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.46577924489974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4179019033908844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.4178738296031952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38196247816085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3620151877403259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989134064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288510","display_name":"Execution time","level":2,"score":0.2679492235183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16169100999832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1021776795387268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isca.2003.1207013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isca.2003.1207013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"30th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, 2003. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.13.3249","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.3249","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://moss.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/ftp/pub/mueller/papers/isca03.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.574.3788","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.574.3788","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/academic/class/15740-f03/public/doc/discussions/uniprocessors/power/VISA_isca03.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30731007","https://openalex.org/W1484206933","https://openalex.org/W1496153055","https://openalex.org/W1522517002","https://openalex.org/W1552648004","https://openalex.org/W1569032152","https://openalex.org/W1762252016","https://openalex.org/W1904708905","https://openalex.org/W1957506489","https://openalex.org/W2015509025","https://openalex.org/W2024800288","https://openalex.org/W2090659503","https://openalex.org/W2098030406","https://openalex.org/W2109379436","https://openalex.org/W2109488193","https://openalex.org/W2117605807","https://openalex.org/W2118297067","https://openalex.org/W2145529472","https://openalex.org/W2146218445","https://openalex.org/W2149052625","https://openalex.org/W2154158220","https://openalex.org/W2162222856","https://openalex.org/W2162717942","https://openalex.org/W2163712520","https://openalex.org/W2167187655","https://openalex.org/W2167313200","https://openalex.org/W2171518785","https://openalex.org/W3140903683","https://openalex.org/W3142147837","https://openalex.org/W4236469931","https://openalex.org/W4243215061","https://openalex.org/W4248445118","https://openalex.org/W6601285799","https://openalex.org/W6633201872","https://openalex.org/W6634019501","https://openalex.org/W6639998797","https://openalex.org/W6677551253","https://openalex.org/W6677683186","https://openalex.org/W6684312297","https://openalex.org/W6792941224"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380433113","https://openalex.org/W4386072068","https://openalex.org/W252339960","https://openalex.org/W2390529043","https://openalex.org/W2378320433","https://openalex.org/W2358343511","https://openalex.org/W2051877971","https://openalex.org/W1970117064","https://openalex.org/W1787170397","https://openalex.org/W4292347844"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Meeting":[0],"deadlines":[1],"is":[2,93,103,120,138,169,179,202,210,226,244],"a":[3,50,61,86,98,127,177,185,233,241,291,311],"key":[4],"requirement":[5],"in":[6,261],"safe":[7,19,174],"real-time":[8,292],"systems.":[9,70],"Worst-case":[10],"execution":[11,31,197],"times":[12],"(WCET)":[13],"of":[14,64,97,152,188,199,207,217,232,239],"tasks":[15,246,285],"are":[16,163],"needed":[17],"for":[18,57,106,267],"planning.":[20],"Contemporary":[21],"worst-case":[22,78,107,214,229],"timing":[23,79,95,108,215,230],"analysis":[24,80,216,231],"tools":[25],"can":[26,114,264,281,296],"safely":[27,203,282,298],"and":[28,39,102,309],"tightly":[29],"bound":[30],"time":[32,151,198,289],"on":[33,132,146,155,254],"in-order":[34],"single-issue":[35],"pipelines":[36],"with":[37],"caches":[38],"static":[40],"branch":[41],"prediction.":[42],"However,":[43,110],"this":[44],"simple":[45,88,100,158,186],"pipeline":[46,101,168,182,314],"appears":[47],"to":[48,54,129,184,300],"be":[49,115,265,297],"complexity":[51],"limit,":[52],"due":[53],"the":[55,73,82,94,104,111,133,147,153,156,166,173,181,193,218,262,274,287,306],"need":[56],"analyzability.":[58],"This":[59],"excludes":[60],"whole":[62],"class":[63],"high-performance":[65,242],"processors":[66],"from":[67,81],"many":[68],"embedded":[69],"We":[71,304],"reconcile":[72],"complexity/safety":[74],"trade-off":[75],"by":[76,221,228],"decoupling":[77],"processor":[83,243],"implementation,":[84],"through":[85],"virtual":[87],"architecture":[89],"(VISA).":[90],"A":[91,118],"VISA":[92,194,275],"specification":[96],"hypothetical":[99,157],"basis":[105],"analysis.":[109],"underlying":[112],"microarchitecture":[113],"arbitrarily":[116,278],"complex.":[117],"task":[119],"divided":[121],"into":[122],"multiple":[123],"subtasks":[124,201],"which":[125],"provide":[126],"means":[128],"gauge":[130],"progress":[131],"complex":[134,167,219,279,313],"pipeline.":[135,159,175,236,322],"Each":[136],"subtask":[137,154],"assigned":[139],"an":[140,255,277,320],"interim":[141],"deadline,":[142],"or":[143,270],"checkpoint,":[144],"based":[145],"latest":[148],"allowable":[149],"completion":[150],"If":[160,176],"no":[161],"checkpoints":[162],"missed,":[164,180],"then":[165],"as":[170,172,290],"timely":[171],"checkpoint":[178],"switches":[183],"mode":[187],"operation":[189],"that":[190,196,211,245],"directly":[191],"implements":[192],"so":[195],"unfinished":[200],"bounded.":[204],"The":[205,237,258],"significance":[206],"our":[208],"approach":[209],"we":[212],"circumvent":[213],"pipeline,":[220],"dynamically":[222],"confirming":[223],"its":[224],"behavior":[225],"bounded":[227],"simpler":[234],"proxy":[235],"benefit":[238],"using":[240],"finish":[247],"much":[248],"sooner":[249],"than":[250,319],"they":[251],"would":[252],"have":[253],"explicitly-safe":[256,321],"processor.":[257],"new":[259],"slack":[260],"schedule":[263],"exploited":[266],"higher":[268],"throughput":[269],"lower":[271],"power.":[272],"With":[273],"approach,":[276],"SMTprocessor":[280],"run":[283],"nonreal-time":[284],"at":[286],"same":[288],"task.":[293],"Alternatively,":[294],"frequency/voltage":[295],"lowered":[299],"take":[301],"up":[302],"slack.":[303],"explore":[305],"latter":[307],"application":[308],"show":[310],"VISA-compliant":[312],"consumes":[315],"43-61%":[316],"less":[317],"power":[318]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
