{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401751357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi56570.2024.10635812","title":"Feature Tokenizer-Transformers with Self-Training for The Prediction of PD-L1 Expression of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer from CT","display_name":"Feature Tokenizer-Transformers with Self-Training for The Prediction of PD-L1 Expression of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer from CT","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401751357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi56570.2024.10635812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isbi56570.2024.10635812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi56570.2024.10635812","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022636344","display_name":"Ralph Saber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-8631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ralph Saber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al,MedICAL Laboratory,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al,MedICAL Laboratory,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041610524","display_name":"Marion Tonneau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-115X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marion Tonneau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al,MedICAL Laboratory,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al,MedICAL Laboratory,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106638505","display_name":"Sami Bahig","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Bahig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112650834","display_name":"Julie Malo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3613-2210"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Malo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043059092","display_name":"Wiam Belka\u00efd","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wiam Belkaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049738219","display_name":"Meriem Messaoudene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6805-3315"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meriem Messaoudene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089602157","display_name":"Nicole Bouchard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-6904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801825082","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke","ror":"https://ror.org/020r51985","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801825082"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Bouchard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke,Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke,Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801825082"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100837568","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Coulombe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135357","display_name":"Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/03gf7z214","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135357"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Coulombe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu&#x00E9;bec,Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu&#x00E9;bec,Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091615631","display_name":"Philippe Joubert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7784-6387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135357","display_name":"Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/03gf7z214","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135357"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philippe Joubert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu&#x00E9;bec,Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu&#x00E9;bec,Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057484084","display_name":"Houda Bahig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9508-0602"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houda Bahig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080048068","display_name":"Simon Turcotte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9003-812X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Turcotte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074294227","display_name":"Bertrand Routy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1955-9149"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bertrand Routy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039187492","display_name":"Samuel Kadoury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3048-4291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Kadoury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al,MedICAL Laboratory,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al,MedICAL Laboratory,Montr&#x00E9;al, Qu&#x00E9;bec,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022636344"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7855,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73807979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9194999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9194999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"Lung cancer","score":0.5705500841140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5577855706214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5381267070770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45240527391433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.41044124960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-research","display_name":"Cancer research","score":0.3839322626590729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3385995626449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23375368118286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oncology","display_name":"Oncology","score":0.22109568119049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13519445061683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12639638781547546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.5705500841140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5577855706214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5381267070770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45240527391433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.41044124960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.3839322626590729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3385995626449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23375368118286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.22109568119049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13519445061683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12639638781547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isbi56570.2024.10635812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi56570.2024.10635812","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:59504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/59504/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Communication de conf\u00e9rence"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982488143","https://openalex.org/W2083927153","https://openalex.org/W2133650808","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2554446720","https://openalex.org/W2767128594","https://openalex.org/W2796582438","https://openalex.org/W2976744492","https://openalex.org/W3023819640","https://openalex.org/W3035003500","https://openalex.org/W3042815543","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3132705981","https://openalex.org/W3154805493","https://openalex.org/W3159778524","https://openalex.org/W3170720134","https://openalex.org/W3192493086","https://openalex.org/W4287114832","https://openalex.org/W4385069929","https://openalex.org/W4385304493","https://openalex.org/W6779101013","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6795062860","https://openalex.org/W6796927292","https://openalex.org/W6797867632","https://openalex.org/W6810526858","https://openalex.org/W6977944434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064573700","https://openalex.org/W2967366602","https://openalex.org/W2376385980","https://openalex.org/W1496498748","https://openalex.org/W2129774558","https://openalex.org/W1997032381","https://openalex.org/W1979593122","https://openalex.org/W2287922696","https://openalex.org/W2190548886","https://openalex.org/W2783341158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patients":[0],"with":[1,154],"advanced":[2],"non-small":[3],"cell":[4],"lung":[5,87],"cancer":[6],"(NSCLC)":[7],"have":[8,17],"notoriously":[9],"unfavorable":[10],"clinical":[11,157],"outcomes.":[12],"Immune":[13],"checkpoint":[14,31],"inhibitors":[15,42],"(ICIs)":[16],"recently":[18],"shown":[19],"promising":[20],"results":[21,121],"in":[22,45,95],"the":[23,35,50,59,65,70,107,124,148,155,160],"treatment":[24,62],"of":[25,49,61,75],"this":[26,76,99],"malignancy":[27],"by":[28,113],"targeting":[29],"immune":[30],"proteins":[32],"such":[33],"as":[34,58],"programmed":[36],"death":[37],"ligand-1":[38],"(PD-L1).":[39],"Nevertheless,":[40],"anti-PD-1":[41],"are":[43,54],"effective":[44],"less":[46],"than":[47],"half":[48],"NSCLC":[51,96],"patients,":[52],"and":[53,111,117,138],"subsequently":[55],"administered":[56],"alone":[57],"first-line":[60],"only":[63],"when":[64],"PD-L1":[66,82],"expression":[67,83],"is":[68,78,152],"above":[69],"50%":[71],"threshold.":[72],"The":[73],"objective":[74],"work":[77],"to":[79],"non-invasively":[80],"classify":[81],"levels":[84],"within":[85],"a":[86,103,128],"nodule":[88],"using":[89],"pre-treatment":[90],"CT":[91],"images,":[92],"largely":[93],"available":[94],"diagnosis.":[97],"To":[98],"end,":[100],"we":[101,145],"propose":[102],"pipeline":[104],"based":[105],"on":[106],"Feature":[108],"Tokenizer-Transformer":[109],"(FT-Transformer)":[110],"self-training":[112],"leveraging":[114],"both":[115],"labeled":[116],"unlabeled":[118],"data.":[119],"Experimental":[120],"showed":[122],"that":[123,147],"self-trained":[125],"FT-Transformer":[126],"exhibited":[127],"good":[129],"predictive":[130],"performance":[131],"(accuracy":[132],"=":[133,136,165],"0.73,":[134],"AUC":[135],"0.75)":[137],"outperformed":[139],"traditional":[140],"machine":[141],"learning":[142],"models.":[143],"Finally,":[144],"demonstrate":[146],"predicted":[149],"Rad-PDL1":[150],"score":[151],"associated":[153],"patients\u2019":[156],"outcomes,":[158],"namely":[159],"progression":[161],"free":[162],"survival":[163],"(p":[164],"0.02).":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
