{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386352619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi53787.2023.10230450","title":"Motor Imagery Classification Using EEG Spectrograms","display_name":"Motor Imagery Classification Using EEG Spectrograms","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386352619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi53787.2023.10230450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isbi53787.2023.10230450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi53787.2023.10230450","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025330484","display_name":"Saadat Ullah Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saadat Ullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Engineering and Technology,Department of Computer Engineering,Taxila,Pakistan","Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Engineering and Technology,Department of Computer Engineering,Taxila,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080542553","display_name":"Muhammad Majid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3662-2525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Majid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Engineering and Technology,Department of Computer Engineering,Taxila,Pakistan","Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Engineering and Technology,Department of Computer Engineering,Taxila,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073762312","display_name":"Syed Muhammad Anwar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Muhammad Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation,Children’s National Hospital,Washington, DC","School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation,Children’s National Hospital,Washington, DC","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.8911992907524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8475019335746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.8291835784912109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.783273458480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6384516358375549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5834462642669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/movement","display_name":"Movement (music)","score":0.5674235820770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45733457803726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.43667036294937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.42217379808425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.235586017370224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.10847422480583191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.8911992907524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8475019335746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.8291835784912109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.783273458480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6384516358375549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5834462642669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848","display_name":"Movement (music)","level":2,"score":0.5674235820770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45733457803726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.43667036294937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42217379808425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.235586017370224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.10847422480583191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isbi53787.2023.10230450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi53787.2023.10230450","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1924989989","https://openalex.org/W2062614893","https://openalex.org/W2081436264","https://openalex.org/W2559463885","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2743161869","https://openalex.org/W2980161757","https://openalex.org/W3015448993","https://openalex.org/W3015997552","https://openalex.org/W3102455230","https://openalex.org/W3102935907","https://openalex.org/W3113353310","https://openalex.org/W3119494966","https://openalex.org/W3127641795","https://openalex.org/W3127655755","https://openalex.org/W3152887310","https://openalex.org/W4205588103","https://openalex.org/W4226106290","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6790716476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W1513407214","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2047816336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,24,55],"loss":[1],"of":[2,26,57,89,114,131,138,163,197],"limb":[3,27,58,117,132,165],"motion":[4],"arising":[5],"from":[6],"damage":[7],"to":[8,36,150],"the":[9,70,75,87,112,136,139,151,161,185],"spinal":[10,33],"cord":[11,34],"is":[12,45],"a":[13,47,67,92,98,121,193],"disability":[14],"that":[15],"could":[16,52,62],"effect":[17],"people":[18,31],"while":[19],"performing":[20],"their":[21,39],"day-to-day":[22],"activities.":[23],"restoration":[25],"movement":[28,59,90,180],"would":[29],"enable":[30],"with":[32,38,126,184],"injury":[35],"interact":[37],"environment":[40],"more":[41],"naturally":[42],"and":[43,94,144,171],"this":[44,96,102],"where":[46,69],"brain-computer":[48],"interface":[49],"(BCI)":[50],"system":[51],"be":[53,63],"beneficial.":[54],"detection":[56,80],"imagination":[60,88],"(MI)":[61],"significant":[64,194],"for":[65,111,154,160,178,199],"such":[66],"BCI,":[68],"detected":[71],"MI":[72,79,155],"can":[73,85],"guide":[74],"computer":[76],"system.":[77],"Using":[78],"through":[81],"electroencephalography":[82],"(EEG),":[83],"we":[84,104],"recognize":[86],"in":[91],"user":[93],"translate":[95],"into":[97],"physical":[99],"movement.":[100],"In":[101],"paper,":[103],"utilize":[105],"pre-trained":[106,168],"deep":[107],"learning":[108],"(DL)":[109],"algorithms":[110,170],"classification":[113,162],"imagined":[115],"upper":[116,164],"movements.":[118,133,202],"We":[119,134],"use":[120,145],"publicly":[122],"available":[123],"EEG":[124,142],"dataset":[125],"data":[127],"representing":[128],"seven":[129,179,201],"classes":[130],"compute":[135],"spectrograms":[137,172],"time":[140],"series":[141],"signal":[143],"them":[146],"as":[147],"an":[148],"input":[149],"DL":[152,169],"model":[153],"classification.":[156],"Our":[157],"novel":[158],"approach":[159],"movements":[166],"using":[167],"has":[173],"achieved":[174,192],"significantly":[175],"improved":[176],"results":[177],"classes.":[181],"When":[182],"compared":[183],"recently":[186],"proposed":[187],"state-of-the-art":[188],"methods,":[189],"our":[190],"algorithm":[191],"average":[195],"accuracy":[196],"84.9%":[198],"classifying":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}