{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2958144260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2019.8759289","title":"Multiple Instance Learning for Malignant vs. Benign Classification of Lung Nodules in Thoracic Screening Ct Data","display_name":"Multiple Instance Learning for Malignant vs. Benign Classification of Lung Nodules in Thoracic Screening Ct Data","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2958144260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2019.8759289","mag":"2958144260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isbi.2019.8759289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2019.8759289","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2019)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056041132","display_name":"Wiem Safta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wiem Safta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Louisville, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050183993","display_name":"Mohammad Mehdi Farhangi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-6696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Mehdi Farhangi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036581178","display_name":"Benjamin Veasey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Veasey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005411439","display_name":"Amir A. Amini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9698-8989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Amini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044691751","display_name":"Hichem Frigui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-1629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hichem Frigui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Louisville, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056041132"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2696,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8890317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"1220","last_page":"1224"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7263728976249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.6473422050476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6295415163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5922346115112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5766148567199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5254054665565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5138742923736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-aided-diagnosis","display_name":"Computer-aided diagnosis","score":0.4923814535140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.47463878989219666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.3276090621948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.29420846700668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.284731924533844}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7263728976249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.6473422050476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6295415163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5922346115112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5766148567199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5254054665565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5138742923736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779549770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122413","display_name":"Computer-aided diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.4923814535140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.47463878989219666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3276090621948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29420846700668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.284731924533844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isbi.2019.8759289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2019.8759289","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2019)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"mag:3173719480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=201902258385250867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306512817","display_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1261214144","https://openalex.org/W1560724230","https://openalex.org/W1966385142","https://openalex.org/W1986649315","https://openalex.org/W2005992530","https://openalex.org/W2016053056","https://openalex.org/W2024868105","https://openalex.org/W2031881519","https://openalex.org/W2078014989","https://openalex.org/W2090348088","https://openalex.org/W2108745803","https://openalex.org/W2110119381","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2237167366","https://openalex.org/W2560886373","https://openalex.org/W2756459689","https://openalex.org/W2766353760","https://openalex.org/W2794187429","https://openalex.org/W2888848380","https://openalex.org/W2899315113","https://openalex.org/W2964275459","https://openalex.org/W3104246147","https://openalex.org/W3144619878","https://openalex.org/W6676245398","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W7015296915"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2047973478","https://openalex.org/W4295532600","https://openalex.org/W2970784617","https://openalex.org/W2063823869","https://openalex.org/W2090985514","https://openalex.org/W4385649027","https://openalex.org/W2217963778","https://openalex.org/W2129882004","https://openalex.org/W4303685026","https://openalex.org/W2266938806"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple":[0],"Instance":[1,110],"Learning":[2,98,111],"(MIL)":[3],"is":[4],"proposed":[5,102],"for":[6,96],"Computer":[7],"Aided":[8],"Diagnosis":[9],"(CADx)":[10],"without":[11],"predefined":[12],"Regions":[13],"Of":[14],"Interest":[15],"(ROIs)":[16],"from":[17,42],"lung":[18],"cancer":[19],"screening":[20],"thoracic":[21],"CT":[22],"scans.":[23],"The":[24,88,101],"method":[25,103],"was":[26,67,72,90,131],"used":[27],"to":[28,54,107,123,133],"classify":[29],"nodules":[30],"as":[31],"malignant":[32,37],"or":[33],"benign":[34,40],"on":[35,58,74,79,115],"225":[36],"and":[38,122,130,148,154],"210":[39],"samples":[41],"the":[43,59,80,108,127],"publicly":[44],"available":[45],"Lung":[46],"Image":[47,50],"database":[48],"consortium":[49],"Collection":[51],"(LIDC-IDRI).":[52],"Subsequent":[53],"feature":[55],"selection":[56],"based":[57,114],"Gray":[60],"Level":[61],"Co-occurrence":[62],"Matrix":[63],"(GLCM),":[64],"5-fold":[65],"cross-validation":[66],"carried":[68],"out":[69],"where":[70],"training":[71],"performed":[73,91],"4":[75],"folds":[76],"with":[77,92,136],"testing":[78],"5th":[81],"fold":[82],"in":[83],"a":[84],"round":[85],"robin":[86],"fashion.":[87],"classification":[89],"Support":[93],"Vector":[94],"Machines":[95],"Multiple-Instance":[97],"(MI-SVM)":[99],"classifier.":[100],"has":[104],"been":[105],"compared":[106],"Single":[109],"(SIL)":[112],"paradigm":[113],"ground":[116],"truth":[117],"regions":[118],"provided":[119],"by":[120],"radiologists":[121],"other":[124],"state":[125],"of":[126],"art":[128],"methodologies":[129],"proven":[132],"outperform":[134],"them":[135],"resulting":[137],"average":[138],"Receiver":[139],"Operating":[140],"Characteristic":[141],"Area":[142],"Under":[143],"Curve":[144],"(AUC),":[145],"Specificity,":[146],"Sensitivity":[147],"Accuracy":[149],"of:":[150],"0.9767,":[151],"0.9524,":[152],"0.9111":[153],"0.9310":[155],"respectively.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}