{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1991830183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbast.2014.7013087","title":"Two-dimensional direct discriminant locality preserving projection analysis for face recognition","display_name":"Two-dimensional direct discriminant locality preserving projection analysis for face recognition","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1991830183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbast.2014.7013087","mag":"1991830183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/isbast.2014.7013087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbast.2014.7013087","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 International Symposium on Biometrics and Security Technologies (ISBAST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052917423","display_name":"Hengjian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9702-824X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengjian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Jinan, China","Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Network, Shandong Computer Science Center, Jinan, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Network, Shandong Computer Science Center, Jinan, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059214401","display_name":"Jinwen Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwen Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603460","display_name":"Jinping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2628-0376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1798,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40244744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"18","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.8057798147201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7367044687271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6896584033966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.6677594184875488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6363409757614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.630375862121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.6300433874130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.5825406312942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5786639451980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality","display_name":"Locality","score":0.5681478977203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5657800436019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5422078967094421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scatter-matrix","display_name":"Scatter matrix","score":0.4623398184776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.41946402192115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4181656837463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.4134977459907532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34223806858062744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.3265931010246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21348142623901367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8057798147201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7367044687271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6896584033966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.6677594184875488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6363409757614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.630375862121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.6300433874130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5825406312942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5786639451980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664603","display_name":"Locality","level":2,"score":0.5681478977203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5657800436019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5422078967094421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176917957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430596","display_name":"Scatter matrix","level":4,"score":0.4623398184776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.41946402192115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4181656837463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4134977459907532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34223806858062744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.3265931010246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21348142623901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180877172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5401390","display_name":"Estimation of covariance matrices","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/isbast.2014.7013087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isbast.2014.7013087","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 International Symposium on Biometrics and Security Technologies (ISBAST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308380","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985809919","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2008244396","https://openalex.org/W2023717039","https://openalex.org/W2024981653","https://openalex.org/W2038697827","https://openalex.org/W2052079879","https://openalex.org/W2072026719","https://openalex.org/W2090341258","https://openalex.org/W2095469431","https://openalex.org/W2102544846","https://openalex.org/W2107772706","https://openalex.org/W2117553576","https://openalex.org/W2164071167","https://openalex.org/W3148981562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2124332660","https://openalex.org/W2257909921","https://openalex.org/W2391958148","https://openalex.org/W2383679030","https://openalex.org/W2152736741","https://openalex.org/W2104382484","https://openalex.org/W2168411768","https://openalex.org/W1964410470","https://openalex.org/W1978719164","https://openalex.org/W2136809053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"make":[1],"use":[2],"of":[3,10,15,50,67,121],"information":[4,62,77],"contained":[5],"in":[6,38,113,170],"the":[7,13,43,47,51,64,81,110,115,119,135,139,142,167,172],"null":[8,48,65],"space":[9,49,66],"withinclass":[11],"during":[12],"implementation":[14],"discriminant":[16,29],"locality":[17],"preserving":[18],"projection(DLPP),":[19],"a":[20,93],"very":[21,75],"efficient":[22,106],"feature":[23,97],"extraction":[24,98],"algorithm":[25,32,83,137],"called":[26],"two-dimensional":[27],"direct":[28],"LPP":[30],"(2D-DDLPP)":[31],"is":[33,70,156],"proposed":[34,152],"for":[35,57,72,78,175],"face":[36,144,176],"recognition":[37],"this":[39],"paper.":[40],"By":[41],"modifying":[42],"simultaneous":[44],"diagonalization":[45],"procedure,":[46],"interclass":[52],"matrix":[53,69,91],"can":[54,102],"be":[55,103],"discarded":[56],"it":[58,73,101],"carries":[59],"no":[60],"discriminative":[61],"and":[63,107,133,141],"intraclass":[68],"preserved":[71],"contains":[74],"important":[76],"classification.":[79],"Also,":[80],"2D-DDLPP":[82,122],"does":[84],"not":[85,157],"need":[86],"to":[87,96,131],"transform":[88],"2D":[89,153],"image":[90],"into":[92],"vector":[94],"prior":[95],"so":[99],"that":[100,150],"implemented":[104],"more":[105,160,164],"accurate":[108,165],"than":[109,166],"1D":[111],"traditional":[112],"extracting":[114,171],"facial":[116,173],"features.":[117],"Therefore,":[118],"performance":[120],"has":[123],"been":[124],"greatly":[125],"improved.":[126],"Extensive":[127],"experiments":[128],"are":[129],"performed":[130],"test":[132],"evaluate":[134],"new":[136],"using":[138],"UMIST":[140],"AR":[143],"databases.":[145],"The":[146],"experimental":[147],"results":[148],"indicate":[149],"our":[151],"DDLPP":[154],"method":[155,169],"only":[158],"computationally":[159],"efficiently":[161],"but":[162],"also":[163],"2DLPP":[168],"features":[174],"recognition.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}