{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3038313908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/irps45951.2020.9128315","title":"Neuromorphic Computing with Phase Change, Device Reliability, and Variability Challenges","display_name":"Neuromorphic Computing with Phase Change, Device Reliability, and Variability Challenges","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3038313908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/irps45951.2020.9128315","mag":"3038313908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/irps45951.2020.9128315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/irps45951.2020.9128315","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015811754","display_name":"Charles Mackin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-5583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Mackin","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058290381","display_name":"Pritish Narayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-0059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pritish Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028455655","display_name":"Stefano Ambrogio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5475-4209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Ambrogio","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086723230","display_name":"Hsinyu Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-097X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsinyu Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109465051","display_name":"Katie Spoon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katie Spoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026800272","display_name":"Andrea Fasoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6892-5139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Fasoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687057","display_name":"An Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2165-5746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079173979","display_name":"Alexander Friz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Friz","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111569773","display_name":"R. M. Shelby","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert M. Shelby","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014981734","display_name":"Geoffrey W. Burr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-2549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey W. Burr","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015811754"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3119,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56660775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.866197407245636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.741557776927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-change-memory","display_name":"Phase-change memory","score":0.6744545102119446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6490263938903809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5891942977905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3548571765422821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3357269763946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-change","display_name":"Phase change","score":0.15423664450645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09478253126144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07193049788475037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.866197407245636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.741557776927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64142963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153902","display_name":"Phase-change memory","level":3,"score":0.6744545102119446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6490263938903809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5891942977905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3548571765422821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3357269763946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133256868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180940","display_name":"Phase change","level":2,"score":0.15423664450645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09478253126144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07193049788475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/irps45951.2020.9128315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/irps45951.2020.9128315","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500058340","https://openalex.org/W1655377202","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1937359183","https://openalex.org/W1989174502","https://openalex.org/W1997785184","https://openalex.org/W2032241398","https://openalex.org/W2036481447","https://openalex.org/W2060501200","https://openalex.org/W2070090854","https://openalex.org/W2074452321","https://openalex.org/W2081381639","https://openalex.org/W2120286148","https://openalex.org/W2120432001","https://openalex.org/W2122352981","https://openalex.org/W2126010728","https://openalex.org/W2158464944","https://openalex.org/W2162811812","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2433234826","https://openalex.org/W2525141714","https://openalex.org/W2531533975","https://openalex.org/W2539625543","https://openalex.org/W2560615381","https://openalex.org/W2621123884","https://openalex.org/W2740220207","https://openalex.org/W2741948058","https://openalex.org/W2743575928","https://openalex.org/W2743999796","https://openalex.org/W2769049661","https://openalex.org/W2777126322","https://openalex.org/W2778345336","https://openalex.org/W2785346409","https://openalex.org/W2785784536","https://openalex.org/W2803163155","https://openalex.org/W2807813675","https://openalex.org/W2886186645","https://openalex.org/W2893064244","https://openalex.org/W2910983724","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2942077180","https://openalex.org/W2964447465","https://openalex.org/W3005874416","https://openalex.org/W3104147253","https://openalex.org/W6684103517","https://openalex.org/W6729034271"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2986579802","https://openalex.org/W3108691306","https://openalex.org/W4389237622","https://openalex.org/W2166309310","https://openalex.org/W4385753159","https://openalex.org/W4200152843","https://openalex.org/W4214914769","https://openalex.org/W4387251107","https://openalex.org/W4317717548","https://openalex.org/W4297621941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuromorphic":[0],"computing":[1],"with":[2,153],"analog":[3,147],"memory":[4,54,148],"can":[5,65],"accelerate":[6],"deep":[7],"neural":[8,40],"networks":[9,73],"(DNNs)":[10],"by":[11,74],"enabling":[12],"multiply-accumulate":[13],"(MAC)":[14],"operations":[15],"to":[16,80,84,95],"occur":[17],"within":[18],"memory.":[19],"Analog":[20],"memory,":[21],"however,":[22],"presents":[23],"a":[24,70,76,88],"number":[25],"of":[26,37,49,72,90,107,135],"device-level":[27],"challenges":[28],"having":[29],"macro-implications":[30],"on":[31,45,56],"the":[32,46,81,105,108,133],"achievable":[33],"accuracy":[34,106,152],"and":[35,128,138],"reliability":[36],"these":[38],"artificial":[39],"networks.":[41],"This":[42,115],"paper":[43,116],"focuses":[44],"adverse":[47],"effects":[48],"conductance":[50,63,96],"drift":[51,64],"in":[52,69,120],"phase-change":[53],"(PCM)":[55],"network":[57],"reliability.":[58,155],"It":[59],"is":[60],"shown":[61],"that":[62,132],"be":[66],"effectively":[67],"compensated":[68],"variety":[71],"applying":[75],"`slope":[77,136],"correction'":[78,137],"technique":[79],"squashing":[82],"functions":[83],"maintain":[85],"accuracy/reliability":[86],"for":[87],"period":[89],"~1":[91],"year.":[92],"In":[93],"addition":[94],"drift,":[97],"PCM":[98],"poses":[99],"considerable":[100],"variability":[101],"challenges,":[102],"which":[103],"impact":[104],"initial":[109],"t":[110,122],"<sub":[111,123],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[112,124],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">0</sub>":[113,125],"weights.":[114],"summarizes":[117],"recent":[118],"advances":[119],"optimizing":[121],"weight":[126],"programming,":[127],"provides":[129],"evidence":[130],"suggesting":[131],"combination":[134],"programming":[139],"optimization":[140],"techniques":[141],"may":[142],"allow":[143],"DNN":[144],"acceleration":[145],"using":[146],"while":[149],"maintaining":[150],"software-equivalent":[151],"reasonable":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}