{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1500058340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/irps.2015.7112755","title":"Non-volatile memory as hardware synapse in neuromorphic computing: A first look at reliability issues","display_name":"Non-volatile memory as hardware synapse in neuromorphic computing: A first look at reliability issues","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1500058340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/irps.2015.7112755","mag":"1500058340"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/irps.2015.7112755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/irps.2015.7112755","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/229321","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111569773","display_name":"R. M. Shelby","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert M. Shelby","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, Ca. 95120"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, Ca. 95120","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014981734","display_name":"Geoffrey W. Burr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-2549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey W. Burr","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, Ca. 95120"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, Ca. 95120","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084000491","display_name":"Irem Boybat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4255-8622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irem Boybat","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, Ca. 95120"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, Ca. 95120","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041350035","display_name":"Carmelo di Nolfo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmelo di Nolfo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, Ca. 95120"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, Ca. 95120","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111569773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1837,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80651418,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"6A.1.1","last_page":"6A.1.6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.9137783050537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.8933130502700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7472087144851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.6951192021369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.6616901755332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5835088491439819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5597631931304932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5130900144577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45957016944885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4286666214466095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-change-memory","display_name":"Phase-change memory","score":0.4231325685977936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.39107728004455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3333667516708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.26059651374816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.11873182654380798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.9137783050537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.8933130502700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7472087144851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.6951192021369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.6616901755332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5835088491439819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5597631931304932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5130900144577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45957016944885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4286666214466095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64142963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153902","display_name":"Phase-change memory","level":3,"score":0.4231325685977936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.39107728004455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3333667516708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.26059651374816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.11873182654380798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/irps.2015.7112755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/irps.2015.7112755","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:229321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/229321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:229321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/229321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335038","display_name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05gzceg21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1965229818","https://openalex.org/W1977001025","https://openalex.org/W1991059746","https://openalex.org/W1992109034","https://openalex.org/W2016922062","https://openalex.org/W2062244941","https://openalex.org/W2077586448","https://openalex.org/W2091902315","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117422822","https://openalex.org/W2120557145","https://openalex.org/W2131997780","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2162827630","https://openalex.org/W2163630896","https://openalex.org/W2334364695","https://openalex.org/W2777126322","https://openalex.org/W3100617929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137378424","https://openalex.org/W2809732489","https://openalex.org/W4287780255","https://openalex.org/W3023361272","https://openalex.org/W4391092513","https://openalex.org/W2612269878","https://openalex.org/W4386216112","https://openalex.org/W2588565308","https://openalex.org/W1636374761","https://openalex.org/W1952005211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,64],"large-scale":[1],"artificial":[2],"neural":[3],"network,":[4],"a":[5,31,42,74],"three-layer":[6],"perceptron,":[7],"is":[8,38,70],"implemented":[9],"using":[10,30],"two":[11],"phase-change":[12],"memory":[13],"(PCM)":[14],"devices":[15],"to":[16,40,90],"encode":[17],"the":[18,36,46,67,78,85,88],"weight":[19],"of":[20,22,45,66,77,84,87],"each":[21],"164,885":[23],"synapses.":[24],"The":[25],"PCM":[26,79],"conductances":[27],"are":[28],"programmed":[29],"crossbar-compatible":[32],"pulse":[33],"scheme,":[34],"and":[35,56,94],"network":[37,68,89],"trained":[39],"recognize":[41],"5000-example":[43],"subset":[44],"MNIST":[47],"handwritten":[48],"digit":[49],"database,":[50],"achieving":[51],"82.2%":[52],"accuracy":[53,59],"during":[54],"training":[55],"82.9%":[57],"generalization":[58],"on":[60],"unseen":[61],"test":[62],"examples.":[63],"simulation":[65],"performance":[69],"developed":[71],"that":[72],"incorporates":[73],"statistical":[75],"model":[76],"response,":[80],"allowing":[81],"quantitative":[82],"estimation":[83],"tolerance":[86],"device":[91],"variation,":[92],"defects,":[93],"conductance":[95],"response.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}