{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416750366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros60139.2025.11246621","title":"Industrial-Grade Sensor Simulation via Gaussian Splatting: A Modular Framework for Scalable Editing and Full-Stack Validation","display_name":"Industrial-Grade Sensor Simulation via Gaussian Splatting: A Modular Framework for Scalable Editing and Full-Stack Validation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416750366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros60139.2025.11246621"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros60139.2025.11246621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros60139.2025.11246621","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xianming Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianming Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083368750","display_name":"Shiyu Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6707-3915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sicong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100719529","display_name":"Qifeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2199-3948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qifeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085696768","display_name":"Lizhe Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-0750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhe Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haoyu Shu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067893561","display_name":"Jiaxuan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0730-6515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxuan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108712566","display_name":"Jiarun Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiarun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020766468","display_name":"Jun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7170-111X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiulong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042055991","display_name":"Jia Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4061-8262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037004693","display_name":"Mingxia Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8775-0987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxia Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101840676","display_name":"Yiru Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2248-4440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiru Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338479","display_name":"Peng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1244-3151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yapeng Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yapeng Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036568860","display_name":"Chunming Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2624-7322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunming Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047728710","display_name":"Sheng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1869-3100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103824017","display_name":"Qiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7082-6960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group,Unmanned Vehicle Department of CaiNiao Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":16,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17510187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"6264","last_page":"6271"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.23010000586509705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.23010000586509705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.14949999749660492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.1340000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6442999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6384999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.3294999897480011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8026000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6442999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6384999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4138000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115575686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822403","display_name":"Soft sensor","level":3,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros60139.2025.11246621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros60139.2025.11246621","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993120651","https://openalex.org/W2250172176","https://openalex.org/W2336961836","https://openalex.org/W2942458734","https://openalex.org/W2946908592","https://openalex.org/W3167095230","https://openalex.org/W3183092879","https://openalex.org/W4200150166","https://openalex.org/W4308244727","https://openalex.org/W4312839164","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4383066393","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4386072002","https://openalex.org/W4386076400","https://openalex.org/W4386076483","https://openalex.org/W4386494508","https://openalex.org/W4389539682","https://openalex.org/W4390873054","https://openalex.org/W4390873564","https://openalex.org/W4392523567","https://openalex.org/W4393248012","https://openalex.org/W4397028793","https://openalex.org/W4400403028","https://openalex.org/W4400647187","https://openalex.org/W4401109681","https://openalex.org/W4402703082","https://openalex.org/W4402716405","https://openalex.org/W4402716408","https://openalex.org/W4402727641","https://openalex.org/W4402961448","https://openalex.org/W4403160743","https://openalex.org/W4403844619","https://openalex.org/W4403866647","https://openalex.org/W4404582476","https://openalex.org/W4404971322","https://openalex.org/W4410204460","https://openalex.org/W4410719325","https://openalex.org/W4411203532","https://openalex.org/W4413017967","https://openalex.org/W4413147368","https://openalex.org/W4413157439","https://openalex.org/W4413557190"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sensor":[0],"simulation":[1,139],"is":[2],"pivotal":[3],"for":[4,82,99,109,191],"scalable":[5],"validation":[6],"of":[7,52,173],"autonomous":[8,121],"driving":[9,122],"systems,":[10],"yet":[11],"existing":[12],"Neural":[13],"Radiance":[14],"Fields":[15],"(NeRF)":[16],"based":[17,34],"methods":[18],"face":[19],"applicability":[20],"and":[21,47,72,85,102,112,126,144,147,153,167,183],"efficiency":[22],"challenges":[23],"in":[24,57],"industrial":[25],"workflows.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"introduces":[29],"a":[30,90,105,119,161,189],"Gaussian":[31,80,96],"Splatting":[32],"(GS)":[33],"system":[35],"to":[36,66,94],"address":[37],"these":[38],"challenges:":[39],"We":[40,114,129],"first":[41],"break":[42],"down":[43],"sensor":[44,86,163,193],"simulator":[45,164],"components":[46,63],"analyze":[48],"the":[49,77],"possible":[50],"advantages":[51],"GS":[53,187],"over":[54],"NeRF.":[55],"Then":[56],"practice,":[58],"we":[59,156],"refactor":[60],"three":[61],"crucial":[62],"through":[64,131],"GS,":[65],"leverage":[67,95],"its":[68],"explicit":[69,150],"scene":[70,84,91,110,151],"representation":[71,81],"real-time":[73],"rendering:":[74],"(1)":[75],"choosing":[76],"2D":[78],"neural":[79],"physics-compliant":[83],"modeling,":[87],"(2)":[88],"proposing":[89],"editing":[92,152],"pipeline":[93],"primitives":[97],"library":[98],"data":[100],"augmentation,":[101],"(3)":[103],"coupling":[104],"controllable":[106],"diffusion":[107],"model":[108],"expansion":[111],"harmonization.":[113],"implement":[115],"this":[116],"framework":[117],"on":[118],"proprietary":[120],"dataset":[123],"supporting":[124],"cameras":[125],"LiDAR":[127],"sensors.":[128],"demonstrate":[130],"ablation":[132],"studies":[133],"that":[134],"our":[135],"approach":[136],"reduces":[137],"frame-wise":[138],"latency,":[140],"achieves":[141],"better":[142],"geometric":[143],"photometric":[145],"consistency,":[146],"enables":[148,170],"interpretable":[149],"expansion.":[154],"Furthermore,":[155],"showcase":[157],"how":[158],"integrating":[159],"such":[160],"GS-based":[162],"with":[165],"traffic":[166],"dynamic":[168],"simulators":[169],"full-stack":[171],"testing":[172],"end-to-end":[174],"autonomy":[175],"algorithms.":[176],"Our":[177],"work":[178],"provides":[179],"both":[180],"algorithmic":[181],"insights":[182],"practical":[184],"validation,":[185],"establishing":[186],"as":[188],"cornerstone":[190],"industrial-grade":[192],"simulation.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}
