{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313039571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros47612.2022.9981074","title":"Multi-Sensor Data Annotation Using Sequence-based Active Learning","display_name":"Multi-Sensor Data Annotation Using Sequence-based Active Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313039571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros47612.2022.9981074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros47612.2022.9981074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros47612.2022.9981074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607704","display_name":"2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019562318","display_name":"Patrick Denzler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-3523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800972416","display_name":"Deutsche Bahn (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04xrarz80","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Denzler","raw_affiliation_strings":["DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050414443","display_name":"Markus Ziegler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800972416","display_name":"Deutsche Bahn (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04xrarz80","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Ziegler","raw_affiliation_strings":["DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070837868","display_name":"Arne Jacobs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7635-5447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800972416","display_name":"Deutsche Bahn (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04xrarz80","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arne Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046362676","display_name":"Volker Eiselein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800972416","display_name":"Deutsche Bahn (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04xrarz80","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Volker Eiselein","raw_affiliation_strings":["DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085343953","display_name":"Philipp Neumaier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800972416","display_name":"Deutsche Bahn (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04xrarz80","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Neumaier","raw_affiliation_strings":["DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031933167","display_name":"Martin K\u00f6ppel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800972416","display_name":"Deutsche Bahn (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04xrarz80","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin K\u00f6ppel","raw_affiliation_strings":["DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DB Netz AG/Digitale Schiene Deutschland, Digital Base,Berlin,Germany,10963","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800972416"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2076,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45046382,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"258","last_page":"263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.797837495803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6707327365875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.6620344519615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5866872668266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5842097997665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.5684069395065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5036258101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.46603885293006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4279105067253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3916794955730438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.375399649143219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08651447296142578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.797837495803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6707327365875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6620344519615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5866872668266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5842097997665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5684069395065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5036258101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.46603885293006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4279105067253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3916794955730438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.375399649143219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08651447296142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros47612.2022.9981074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros47612.2022.9981074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607704","display_name":"2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580375566","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2963676873","https://openalex.org/W2964340375","https://openalex.org/W2970624554","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3035172746","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3120338137","https://openalex.org/W3132455321","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6755088026","https://openalex.org/W6756615331","https://openalex.org/W6771941581","https://openalex.org/W6772750526","https://openalex.org/W6777046832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361861616","https://openalex.org/W2263699433","https://openalex.org/W2377979023","https://openalex.org/W2218034408","https://openalex.org/W2392921965","https://openalex.org/W2383111961","https://openalex.org/W2365952365","https://openalex.org/W2358755282","https://openalex.org/W2352448290","https://openalex.org/W2380820513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"Networks":[1],"are":[2,62],"the":[3,30,50,66,69,100,136,141,153,156,160,164,176,197,214],"state-of-the-art":[4],"technology":[5],"for":[6,59,128],"environmental":[7],"perception":[8],"in":[9,24,130,227,235],"applications":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,117],"autonomous":[13],"driving.":[14],"However,":[15],"they":[16],"require":[17],"a":[18,37,45,76,113,188,207,220],"large":[19],"amount":[20,52,178],"of":[21,34,53,84,88,135,155,179,224],"training":[22,54,129,180],"data":[23,36,55,142,161,181],"order":[25],"to":[26,48,64,93,98,112,152,184,206,246],"perform":[27],"well,":[28],"making":[29],"selection":[31],"and":[32,39,97],"annotation":[33,60,101],"sensor":[35],"time-consuming":[38],"expensive":[40],"task.":[41],"Active":[42],"learning":[43,79,148,173,194],"is":[44,110,150],"promising":[46],"approach":[47,80,109,149],"reduce":[49,99,175],"required":[51,177],"by":[56,103,144,163,182,202],"selecting":[57],"samples":[58],"that":[61,81,170],"expected":[63],"improve":[65,196],"neural":[67,137,198],"network":[68,138,157],"most.":[70],"In":[71,211],"this":[72,212],"work,":[73,213],"we":[74],"propose":[75],"sequence-based":[77,146,171,192],"active":[78,147,172,193],"selects":[82],"sequences":[83],"consecutive":[85],"frames":[86,234,238],"instead":[87],"individual":[89],"images.":[90],"This":[91],"allows":[92],"evaluate":[94],"tracking":[95],"algorithms":[96],"effort":[102],"interpolating":[104],"labels":[105],"between":[106],"frames.":[107],"Our":[108],"compared":[111,151,205],"random":[114,208],"sampling":[115,209],"strategy":[116],"baseline.":[118],"Over":[119],"15":[120,225],"iterations,":[121],"both":[122],"approaches":[123],"select":[124,162],"1000":[125],"additional":[126],"images":[127],"each":[131],"iteration.":[132],"The":[133,167,230],"performance":[134,154,201],"trained":[139,158],"on":[140,159,241],"selected":[143],"our":[145],"baseline":[165],"approach.":[166],"results":[168],"show":[169],"can":[174,195],"up":[183],"25%":[185],"while":[186],"reaching":[187],"similar":[189],"performance.":[190],"Furthermore,":[191],"network's":[199],"overall":[200],"2":[203],"%":[204],"strategy.":[210],"proposed":[215],"method":[216],"was":[217],"evaluated":[218],"with":[219],"new":[221],"dataset":[222,231],"consisting":[223],"scenes":[226],"railway":[228,242],"environments.":[229],"has":[232],"45,888":[233],"total,":[236],"14,513":[237],"contain":[239],"persons":[240],"stations":[243],"or":[244],"close":[245],"tracks.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}