{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3132960484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros45743.2020.9341755","title":"3D Gaze Estimation for Head-Mounted Devices based on Visual Saliency","display_name":"3D Gaze Estimation for Head-Mounted Devices based on Visual Saliency","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3132960484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros45743.2020.9341755","mag":"3132960484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros45743.2020.9341755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros45743.2020.9341755","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101481439","display_name":"Meng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Kowloon,Hong Kong","Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Kowloon,Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100642147","display_name":"Youfu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5227-1326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"You Fu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Kowloon,Hong Kong","Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Kowloon,Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101820021","display_name":"Hai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-9301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central China Normal University,National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning,Wuhan,China","National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central China Normal University,National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"96","issue":null,"first_page":"10611","last_page":"10616"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.9184128046035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.8491373062133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8000859022140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7831346988677979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-portability","display_name":"Software portability","score":0.60698401927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5286992788314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.46291452646255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.45719683170318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4305031895637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.4292798340320587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17247220873832703}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.9184128046035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.8491373062133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8000859022140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7831346988677979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.60698401927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5286992788314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.46291452646255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.45719683170318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4305031895637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.4292798340320587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17247220873832703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros45743.2020.9341755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros45743.2020.9341755","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146155646","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1966625951","https://openalex.org/W1969258103","https://openalex.org/W1987030203","https://openalex.org/W2023287188","https://openalex.org/W2034382626","https://openalex.org/W2075739290","https://openalex.org/W2083117615","https://openalex.org/W2125518445","https://openalex.org/W2135957164","https://openalex.org/W2158363907","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2272545788","https://openalex.org/W2412521728","https://openalex.org/W2421897456","https://openalex.org/W2592853764","https://openalex.org/W2616647973","https://openalex.org/W2752235052","https://openalex.org/W2796850409","https://openalex.org/W2805202063","https://openalex.org/W2805715412","https://openalex.org/W2805865975","https://openalex.org/W2806089969","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6680437723","https://openalex.org/W6744342673","https://openalex.org/W6749912627"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W107105315","https://openalex.org/W1584537303","https://openalex.org/W4388155270","https://openalex.org/W1872724644","https://openalex.org/W4367156293","https://openalex.org/W2750549761","https://openalex.org/W28826848","https://openalex.org/W2122272819","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compared":[0],"with":[1,100,135],"the":[2,56,78,92,114,119,124,139,148,158,176,183,197],"maturity":[3],"of":[4,123,138,171],"2D":[5],"gaze":[6,10,23,30,47,98,133,150,194],"tracking":[7,11,48],"technology,":[8],"3D":[9,33,46,97,121,149,193],"has":[12,25,83],"gradually":[13],"become":[14],"a":[15,88,96,153],"research":[16],"hotspot":[17],"in":[18,32,65,105,175,196],"recent":[19],"years.":[20],"The":[21,42,126,161],"head-mounted":[22],"tracker":[24],"shown":[26],"great":[27],"potential":[28],"for":[29,45,192],"estimation":[31,99,195],"space":[34],"due":[35],"to":[36,86,117,180],"its":[37],"appealing":[38],"flexibility":[39],"and":[40,58,75,182],"portability.":[41],"general":[43],"challenge":[44],"algorithms":[49],"is":[50,53,103,129,187,190],"that":[51,165],"calibration":[52,59,128],"necessary":[54],"before":[55],"usage,":[57],"targets":[60],"cannot":[61],"be":[62,70,87],"easily":[63],"applied":[64],"some":[66],"situations":[67],"or":[68],"might":[69],"blocked":[71],"by":[72,131],"moving":[73],"human":[74],"objects.":[76],"Besides,":[77],"accuracy":[79],"on":[80],"depth":[81,143,185],"direction":[82],"always":[84],"come":[85],"crucial":[89],"problem.":[90],"Regarding":[91],"issues":[93],"mentioned":[94],"above,":[95],"auto-calibration":[101],"method":[102,168],"proposed":[104,167],"this":[106],"study.":[107],"We":[108],"use":[109],"an":[110],"RGBD":[111,159],"camera":[112,116],"as":[113],"scene":[115,140],"acquire":[118],"accurate":[120],"structure":[122],"environment.":[125],"automatic":[127],"achieved":[130],"uniting":[132],"vectors":[134],"saliency":[136],"maps":[137],"which":[141,189],"aligned":[142],"information.":[144],"Finally,":[145],"we":[146],"determine":[147],"point":[151,154],"through":[152],"cloud":[155],"generated":[156],"from":[157,178],"camera.":[160],"experiment":[162],"result":[163],"demonstrates":[164],"our":[166],"achieves":[169],"4.34\u00b0":[170],"average":[172,184],"angle":[173],"error":[174,186],"field":[177],"0.5m":[179],"3m":[181],"23.22mm,":[188],"sufficient":[191],"real":[198],"scene.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
