{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3003227151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968600","title":"Discrete N-Dimensional Entropy of Behavior: DNDEB","display_name":"Discrete N-Dimensional Entropy of Behavior: DNDEB","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3003227151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968600","mag":"3003227151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968600","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102865314","display_name":"Michael J. Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-2104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Evanston,IL,USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Evanston,IL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111281261","display_name":"Mahdieh Nejati Javaremi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-4572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdieh Nejati Javaremi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Evanston,IL,USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Evanston,IL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051354595","display_name":"Brenna Argall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4280-8492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brenna D. Argall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Evanston,IL,USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Evanston,IL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102865314"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3648,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60623241,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2227","last_page":"2233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teleoperation","display_name":"Teleoperation","score":0.7830291986465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7606148719787598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6513128280639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5888431668281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.5357564687728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.5138921737670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.35238805413246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.34238171577453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3208796977996826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161759796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3982902","display_name":"Teleoperation","level":3,"score":0.7830291986465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7606148719787598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6513128280639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5888431668281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.5357564687728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.5138921737670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.35238805413246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34238171577453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3208796977996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968600","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146834298","https://openalex.org/W221761990","https://openalex.org/W976572432","https://openalex.org/W1574433357","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1979306575","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2144281619","https://openalex.org/W2152392108","https://openalex.org/W2153738822","https://openalex.org/W2186002283","https://openalex.org/W2290373410","https://openalex.org/W2293326312","https://openalex.org/W2483674195","https://openalex.org/W2564807741","https://openalex.org/W2583271265","https://openalex.org/W2612526027","https://openalex.org/W2766053765","https://openalex.org/W2783282453","https://openalex.org/W3105843127","https://openalex.org/W6608810965","https://openalex.org/W6640362995","https://openalex.org/W6730817751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1923069992","https://openalex.org/W2160982102","https://openalex.org/W2048862765","https://openalex.org/W2770942502","https://openalex.org/W4281943815","https://openalex.org/W2364738582","https://openalex.org/W3205513966","https://openalex.org/W3120459843","https://openalex.org/W4366547574","https://openalex.org/W3200191727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Shared":[0],"control":[1,48,72],"for":[2,243],"human-robot":[3,101,120,182,270],"teams":[4,56,102],"-":[5,19],"where":[6,226,251],"both":[7,36],"the":[8,11,17,31,37,44,65,98,128,138,144,170,181,215,266,269],"human":[9,38,66],"and":[10,39,54,146,151,210,249,273],"robot's":[12,40],"autonomy":[13,41,68],"provide":[14],"commands":[15],"to":[16,96,122,136,167,214,264],"hardware":[18],"offers":[20,193],"advantages":[21],"over":[22],"fully":[23,26],"teleoperated":[24],"or":[25,67,188],"autonomous":[27],"systems":[28],"by":[29,46,180],"utilizing":[30],"unique":[32],"skill":[33],"sets":[34],"of":[35,100,111,117,126,156,164,201,268,278,284],"simultaneously.":[42],"However,":[43],"mechanism":[45,263],"which":[47,173],"is":[49,51,134,149,159,212,241,253],"shared":[50],"often":[52],"static":[53],"many":[55],"could":[57],"benefit":[58],"from":[59,169],"adjusting":[60],"this":[61,90],"mechanism,":[62],"such":[63],"that":[64,239],"alternatively":[69],"receive":[70],"more":[71],"authority":[73],"in":[74],"different":[75,234],"scenarios.":[76],"The":[77,132,141],"question":[78],"then":[79],"is:":[80],"how":[81,127],"do":[82],"we":[83,92,221,257],"know":[84],"when":[85],"these":[86],"scenarios":[87],"occur?":[88],"In":[89],"paper,":[91],"present":[93],"a":[94,104,118,124,153,189,223,229,254,262,281],"method":[95],"estimate":[97],"performance":[99,179,267],"using":[103],"novel":[105],"metric":[106],"called":[107],"Discrete":[108],"N-Dimensional":[109],"Entropy":[110],"Behavior":[112],"(DNDEB).":[113],"DNDEB":[114,259],"utilizes":[115],"knowledge":[116],"high-performing":[119],"team":[121,129,183,271],"build":[123],"model":[125,133],"should":[130],"operate.":[131],"used":[135],"predict":[137,265],"human's":[139],"command.":[140],"error":[142],"between":[143],"prediction":[145],"actual":[147],"command":[148],"tracked":[150],"after":[152],"certain":[154],"number":[155],"samples,":[157],"entropy":[158,165,240],"estimated.":[160],"A":[161],"higher":[162,242],"level":[163],"corresponds":[166],"deviations":[168],"high-performance":[171],"model,":[172],"can":[174],"be":[175],"interpreted":[176],"as":[177,261],"poor":[178],"(e.g.,":[184],"long":[185],"task":[186,247],"time":[187],"collision).":[190],"Our":[191],"formulation":[192],"several":[194],"advantages:":[195],"it":[196],"(1)":[197],"accepts":[198],"discrete":[199],"inputs":[200],"any":[202],"size,":[203],"(2)":[204],"does":[205],"not":[206],"require":[207],"additional":[208],"sensors,":[209],"(3)":[211],"tunable":[213],"specific":[216],"application.":[217],"To":[218],"validate":[219],"this,":[220],"conduct":[222],"15person":[224],"study":[225],"subjects":[227],"operated":[228],"powered":[230],"wheelchair":[231],"under":[232],"three":[233],"shared-control":[235],"paradigms.":[236],"We":[237],"find":[238,274],"cases":[244,250],"with":[245,280],"longer":[246],"durations":[248],"there":[252],"collision.":[255],"Moreover,":[256],"use":[258],"thresholds":[260],"online":[272],"an":[275],"average":[276],"accuracy":[277],"91%":[279],"prescience":[282],"rate":[283],"72%.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}