{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004094018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968143","title":"Energy Harvesting across Temporal Temperature Gradients using Vaporization","display_name":"Energy Harvesting across Temporal Temperature Gradients using Vaporization","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004094018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968143","mag":"3004094018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968143","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968143","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076950012","display_name":"Charles Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4072-1649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Santa Barbara,USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Santa Barbara,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059463904","display_name":"Nicholas D. Naclerio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7337-3014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas D. Naclerio","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Santa Barbara,USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Santa Barbara,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088329417","display_name":"Elliot W. Hawkes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0420-5025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elliot W. Hawkes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Santa Barbara,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Santa Barbara,USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Santa Barbara,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"7170","last_page":"7175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11230","display_name":"Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11230","display_name":"Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.6390312910079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boiling-point","display_name":"Boiling point","score":0.4969532787799835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4517499804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.44159257411956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4310503900051117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","score":0.4286147654056549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.35318198800086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.33531707525253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22683045268058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15814995765686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.1142728328704834}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.6390312910079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188596812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003183","display_name":"Boiling point","level":2,"score":0.4969532787799835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4517499804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.44159257411956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4310503900051117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4286147654056549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35318198800086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.33531707525253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22683045268058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15814995765686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.1142728328704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968143","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968143","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1889073618","https://openalex.org/W1976852578","https://openalex.org/W1989308938","https://openalex.org/W2007796607","https://openalex.org/W2080349988","https://openalex.org/W2096441274","https://openalex.org/W2126738674","https://openalex.org/W2141347525","https://openalex.org/W2292465733","https://openalex.org/W2334320702","https://openalex.org/W2755921665","https://openalex.org/W2769261166","https://openalex.org/W2769374718","https://openalex.org/W2794701126","https://openalex.org/W2895295357","https://openalex.org/W3148284042"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898145991","https://openalex.org/W4378365432","https://openalex.org/W2903121411","https://openalex.org/W4253687361","https://openalex.org/W2913922281","https://openalex.org/W2805827740","https://openalex.org/W2566010174","https://openalex.org/W1908935147","https://openalex.org/W1971404201","https://openalex.org/W1966708639"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"harvesting":[1,50,79,145,258],"is":[2,20,32,111],"an":[3,156],"attractive":[4],"alternative":[5],"to":[6,46,101,112,124,162,182,187,202],"carrying":[7],"onboard":[8],"power":[9,47,125,183],"for":[10,14,27,92,107,256,269],"mobile":[11,127,271],"robots,":[12],"especially":[13],"long":[15],"duration":[16],"missions.":[17],"While":[18],"solar":[19],"a":[21,60,93,120,126,131,141,184,222,234,239,266],"powerful":[22],"option,":[23],"alternatives":[24],"are":[25,98],"needed":[26],"situations":[28],"where":[29],"direct":[30,82],"sunlight":[31],"unavailable.":[33],"One":[34],"intriguing":[35],"concept":[36,71],"was":[37],"proposed":[38],"in":[39,119],"the":[40,90,149,177,197,204,227,243,254],"17":[41],"<sup":[42,165],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[43,166],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">th</sup>":[44],"century":[45],"clocks:":[48],"energy":[49,78,144,158,169,257],"based":[51],"on":[52],"temporal,":[53],"rather":[54],"than":[55,217,233],"spatial,":[56],"temperature":[57,178,261],"gradients,":[58],"using":[59,130,263],"low":[61],"boiling":[62,205],"point":[63,206],"fluid":[64],"that":[65,213],"vaporizes":[66],"at":[67],"ambient":[68],"temperatures.":[69],"This":[70],"has":[72],"many":[73,210],"strengths:":[74],"it":[75],"offers":[76],"all-in-one":[77],"and":[80,84,95,133,153,207,220,245],"storage;":[81],"high-force":[83],"large":[85,114],"displacement":[86],"mechanical":[87],"output,":[88],"eliminating":[89],"need":[91],"motor;":[94],"temporal":[96,260],"gradients":[97,262],"ubiquitous,":[99],"due":[100],"diurnal":[102],"thermal":[103],"fluctuations.":[104],"The":[105],"challenge":[106],"robotic":[108],"applications,":[109],"however,":[110],"create":[113],"enough":[115,122,181],"amounts":[116],"of":[117,151,160,196,226,242],"work":[118,216,232,252],"small":[121,185],"package":[123],"device":[128],"while":[129],"non-toxic":[132,211],"readily":[134],"available":[135],"working":[136,198],"fluid.":[137],"Here":[138],"we":[139],"present":[140,238],"simple,":[142],"low-cost":[143],"actuator,":[146],"powered":[147],"by":[148],"vaporization":[150,264],"butane":[152],"isobutane,":[154],"with":[155],"isobaric":[157],"density":[159],"up":[161],"38000":[163],"J/m":[164],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">3</sup>":[167],"(i.e.":[168],"extracted":[170],"per":[171],"total":[172],"volume":[173],"expansion)":[174],"each":[175],"time":[176],"fluctuates":[179],"13.1\u00b0C,":[180],"car":[186],"drive":[188],"10m.":[189],"Two":[190],"principles":[191],"enable":[192],"this:":[193],"i)":[194],"precompression":[195],"fluid,":[199],"allowing":[200,230],"us":[201],"tune":[203],"choose":[208],"among":[209],"fluids":[212],"do":[214],"more":[215,231],"non-compressed":[218],"fluids;":[219],"ii)":[221],"constant":[223],"force":[224],"profile":[225],"return":[228],"springs,":[229],"linear":[235],"spring.":[236],"We":[237],"simple":[240],"model":[241],"actuator":[244],"experimental":[246],"results":[247],"characterizing":[248],"its":[249],"behavior.":[250],"Our":[251],"lays":[253],"foundation":[255],"across":[259],"as":[265],"viable":[267],"option":[268],"powering":[270],"robots.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}