{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2765973103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2018.8594511","title":"People as Sensors: Imputing Maps from Human Actions","display_name":"People as Sensors: Imputing Maps from Human Actions","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2765973103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2018.8594511","mag":"2765973103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros.2018.8594511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2018.8594511","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.01022","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050567647","display_name":"Oladapo Afolabi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oladapo Afolabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059066811","display_name":"Katherine Driggs-Campbell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3760-9859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine Driggs-Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002477602","display_name":"Roy Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8034-4329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068326377","display_name":"Mykel J. Kochenderfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7238-9663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mykel J. Kochenderfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103101043","display_name":"S. Shankar Sastry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Shankar Sastry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050567647"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.2223,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98623885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2342","last_page":"2348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7520550489425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.5590589642524719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5162941813468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.5005407333374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"Collision avoidance","score":0.4727262556552887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.4668937921524048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4547653794288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.44884994626045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-detection","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","score":0.4299122095108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4133923053741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40142473578453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33030030131340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.19776836037635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17488467693328857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10349375009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.09607928991317749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7520550489425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.5590589642524719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5162941813468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.5005407333374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.4727262556552887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.4668937921524048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4547653794288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.44884994626045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780156472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2355550","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","level":3,"score":0.4299122095108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4133923053741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40142473578453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33030030131340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.19776836037635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17488467693328857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10349375009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.09607928991317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros.2018.8594511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2018.8594511","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1711.01022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01022","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.01022","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1711.01022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01022","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.01022","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42560795","https://openalex.org/W1540220016","https://openalex.org/W1586173270","https://openalex.org/W1961245208","https://openalex.org/W1999050017","https://openalex.org/W1999874108","https://openalex.org/W2016284836","https://openalex.org/W2018260930","https://openalex.org/W2029724021","https://openalex.org/W2030418992","https://openalex.org/W2031454541","https://openalex.org/W2040583469","https://openalex.org/W2114836851","https://openalex.org/W2156654921","https://openalex.org/W2336416123","https://openalex.org/W2522471310","https://openalex.org/W2592496287","https://openalex.org/W2594287830","https://openalex.org/W2735275921","https://openalex.org/W2739951781","https://openalex.org/W2951834965","https://openalex.org/W3122059187","https://openalex.org/W4235161505","https://openalex.org/W6634982934"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W2052388267","https://openalex.org/W2950647290","https://openalex.org/W1968481813","https://openalex.org/W2620829895","https://openalex.org/W2972620127","https://openalex.org/W2981141433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"growing":[1],"attention":[2],"in":[3,104],"autonomy,":[4],"there":[5],"are":[6],"still":[7],"many":[8],"open":[9],"problems,":[10],"including":[11],"how":[12,53,87],"autonomous":[13],"vehicles":[14],"will":[15],"interact":[16],"and":[17,26,36,50,52,70,108,115,126],"communicate":[18],"with":[19],"other":[20,82],"agents,":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23,59,73],"human":[24,48,105],"drivers":[25,49],"pedestrians.":[27],"Unlike":[28],"most":[29],"approaches":[30],"that":[31,95],"focus":[32],"on":[33,109],"pedestrian":[34],"detection":[35],"planning":[37],"for":[38,62],"collision":[39],"avoidance,":[40],"this":[41],"paper":[42],"considers":[43],"modeling":[44],"the":[45,93],"interaction":[46],"between":[47],"pedestrians":[51],"it":[54],"might":[55],"influence":[56],"map":[57,94],"estimation,":[58],"a":[60,66],"proxy":[61],"detection.":[63],"We":[64,100],"take":[65],"mapping":[67,76,117,129],"inspired":[68],"approach":[69,120],"incorporate":[71],"people":[72],"sensors":[74],"into":[75],"frameworks.":[77],"By":[78],"taking":[79],"advantage":[80],"of":[81,92],"agents'":[83],"actions,":[84],"we":[85,88],"demonstrate":[86],"can":[89],"impute":[90],"portions":[91],"would":[96],"otherwise":[97],"be":[98],"occluded.":[99],"evaluate":[101],"our":[102],"framework":[103],"driving":[106],"experiments":[107],"real-world":[110],"data,":[111],"using":[112],"occupancy":[113],"grids":[114],"landmark-based":[116],"approaches.":[118],"Our":[119],"significantly":[121],"improves":[122],"overall":[123],"environment":[124],"awareness":[125],"outperforms":[127],"standard":[128],"techniques.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}