{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2521444719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2016.7759186","title":"Lost and Found: detecting small road hazards for self-driving vehicles","display_name":"Lost and Found: detecting small road hazards for self-driving vehicles","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2521444719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2016.7759186","mag":"2521444719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros.2016.7759186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2016.7759186","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.04653","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056983496","display_name":"Peter Pinggera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4478-0398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Pinggera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Dept., Goethe Univ., Frankfurt, Germany","Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany","[Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dept., Goethe Univ., Frankfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038017658","display_name":"Sebastian Ramos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Ramos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Lab Dresden, Dresden, TU, Germany","[Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Lab Dresden, Dresden, TU, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067893606","display_name":"Stefan Gehrig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5270-9578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Gehrig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany","[Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109566845","display_name":"Uwe Franke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uwe Franke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany","[Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Environment Perception, Daimler R&D, Sindelfingen, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034290170","display_name":"Carsten Rother","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4110-440X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Rother","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Lab Dresden, Dresden, TU, Germany","Computer Vision Lab Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Lab Dresden, Dresden, TU, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Lab Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048393027","display_name":"Rudolf Mester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6932-0606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudolf Mester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Dept., Goethe Univ., Frankfurt, Germany","VSI Lab, Computer Science Dept., Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dept., Goethe Univ., Frankfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VSI Lab, Computer Science Dept., Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1099","last_page":"1106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.8541013598442078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7466839551925659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7233541011810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7085752487182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6216409206390381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5759378671646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5719853639602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5315133333206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5249205231666565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereopsis","display_name":"Stereopsis","score":0.47004762291908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4609004259109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.42869627475738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-driving","display_name":"Self driving","score":0.4174679219722748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.22240957617759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09783035516738892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06656628847122192}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.8541013598442078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7466839551925659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7233541011810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7085752487182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6216409206390381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5759378671646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5719853639602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5315133333206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5249205231666565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68537008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247932","display_name":"Stereopsis","level":2,"score":0.47004762291908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4609004259109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42869627475738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018391801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741490","display_name":"Self driving","level":2,"score":0.4174679219722748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22240957617759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09783035516738892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06656628847122192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iros.2016.7759186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2016.7759186","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1609.04653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.04653","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.04653","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2521444719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.04653.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1609.04653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1609.04653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1609.04653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.04653","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.04653","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2521444719.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2521444719.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W792099249","https://openalex.org/W1567041090","https://openalex.org/W1586661082","https://openalex.org/W2003844821","https://openalex.org/W2043853176","https://openalex.org/W2089652819","https://openalex.org/W2102782544","https://openalex.org/W2107516554","https://openalex.org/W2111273987","https://openalex.org/W2112921976","https://openalex.org/W2119554284","https://openalex.org/W2120665057","https://openalex.org/W2135961964","https://openalex.org/W2141746519","https://openalex.org/W2208570262","https://openalex.org/W2215066518","https://openalex.org/W2221953250","https://openalex.org/W4205236922","https://openalex.org/W4242599275","https://openalex.org/W6600541815","https://openalex.org/W6604572827","https://openalex.org/W6636113976","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6641789784","https://openalex.org/W6793744082"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054128485","https://openalex.org/W2398397213","https://openalex.org/W3011427687","https://openalex.org/W2396386163","https://openalex.org/W2112590476","https://openalex.org/W1992981360","https://openalex.org/W1592567536","https://openalex.org/W2014577723","https://openalex.org/W2072375829","https://openalex.org/W2920474742","https://openalex.org/W1893862363","https://openalex.org/W2105997583","https://openalex.org/W3042172201","https://openalex.org/W2295380621","https://openalex.org/W2990379378","https://openalex.org/W2937753789","https://openalex.org/W3100019905","https://openalex.org/W2555358614","https://openalex.org/W3156766062","https://openalex.org/W2802812176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"small":[1],"obstacles":[2,39],"on":[3,32],"the":[4,12],"road":[5],"ahead":[6],"is":[7],"a":[8,29,41],"critical":[9],"part":[10],"of":[11],"driving":[13],"task":[14],"which":[15],"has":[16],"to":[17,35],"be":[18],"mastered":[19],"by":[20],"fully":[21],"autonomous":[22],"cars.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"we":[27],"present":[28],"method":[30],"based":[31],"stereo":[33],"vision":[34],"reliably":[36],"detect":[37],"such":[38],"from":[40],"moving":[42],"vehicle.":[43]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
