{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2574959285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iri.2013.6642436","title":"Toward a restriction-centered theory of truth and meaning (RCT)","display_name":"Toward a restriction-centered theory of truth and meaning (RCT)","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2574959285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iri.2013.6642436","mag":"2574959285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iri.2013.6642436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iri.2013.6642436","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6621630/6642428/06642436.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Conference on Information Reuse &amp; Integration (IRI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6621630/6642428/06642436.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109036851","display_name":"Lotfi A. Zadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lotfi A. Zadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Division, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Director of Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC), University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Division, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Director of Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC), University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109036851"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4942,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80002709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"xx","last_page":"xxii"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11727","display_name":"Advanced Algebra and Logic","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.7306015491485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truth-value","display_name":"Truth value","score":0.7051529288291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proposition","display_name":"Proposition","score":0.6234527826309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truth-condition","display_name":"Truth condition","score":0.5975122451782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.5755171775817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.5366588830947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-truth","display_name":"Logical truth","score":0.5060698390007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-theory-of-truth","display_name":"Semantic theory of truth","score":0.49753788113594055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4914044141769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence-theory-of-truth","display_name":"Coherence theory of truth","score":0.4737991690635681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4671240448951721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4465102553367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.41957318782806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40983814001083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pragmatic-theory-of-truth","display_name":"Pragmatic theory of truth","score":0.40617725253105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.3876258134841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3746751546859741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.36616867780685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12556973099708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.09006348252296448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.7306015491485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46274116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185521","display_name":"Truth value","level":2,"score":0.7051529288291931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777152325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108163","display_name":"Proposition","level":2,"score":0.6234527826309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39308869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2891657","display_name":"Truth condition","level":2,"score":0.5975122451782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5755171775817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5366588830947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74727942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3311695","display_name":"Logical truth","level":2,"score":0.5060698390007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39095165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449101","display_name":"Semantic theory of truth","level":2,"score":0.49753788113594055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4914044141769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107553210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4179467","display_name":"Coherence theory of truth","level":3,"score":0.4737991690635681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4671240448951721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4465102553367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41957318782806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40983814001083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197199266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7237641","display_name":"Pragmatic theory of truth","level":2,"score":0.40617725253105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3876258134841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3746751546859741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.36616867780685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12556973099708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.09006348252296448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iri.2013.6642436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iri.2013.6642436","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6621630/6642428/06642436.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Conference on Information Reuse &amp; Integration (IRI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iri.2013.6642436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iri.2013.6642436","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6621630/6642428/06642436.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Conference on Information Reuse &amp; Integration (IRI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2811237814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321855","display_name":"Tekes","ror":"https://ror.org/02ag8cq23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2574959285.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2574959285.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511523929","https://openalex.org/W1575611982","https://openalex.org/W2013099035","https://openalex.org/W2017462139","https://openalex.org/W2040197058","https://openalex.org/W2042774699","https://openalex.org/W2050219405","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4238725118","https://openalex.org/W4240278385","https://openalex.org/W4245152641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387718228","https://openalex.org/W134683520","https://openalex.org/W4236954471","https://openalex.org/W659493017","https://openalex.org/W4242948187","https://openalex.org/W3185498832","https://openalex.org/W2368225062","https://openalex.org/W2379248360","https://openalex.org/W2372965900","https://openalex.org/W2601926177"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"What":[0,169,453,468],"is":[1,23,32,65,141,160,170,181,187,193,197,201,222,248,254,259,265,305,309,328,337,354,394,457,464,471,483,497,593,597,639,646,696,707,712,722,732,779,816,858],"truth?":[2],"The":[3,16,54,137,241,291,605,661,671,773,826,850],"question":[4,165],"does":[5],"not":[6,119,310,472,529],"admit":[7],"a":[8,20,48,66,142,150,153,157,164,216,229,245,298,311,316,329,368,372,385,420,424,484,498,544,643,723,822,831,862],"simple,":[9],"precise":[10,40],"answer.":[11],"A":[12,39,325,335,348,634],"dictionary-style":[13],"definition":[14,41,624],"is:":[15,220],"truth":[17,43,72,77,106,113,116,541,550,560,565,573,580,587,602,606,611,626,651,655,659,663,673,744,790,864],"value":[18,172,312,612,627,656,664,674,745,791],"of":[19,30,42,71,139,149,166,173,215,235,244,313,331,367,401,462,474,478,481,495,503,613,625,637,669,679,681,715,725,746,771,792,846,872,883,886],"proposition,":[21,644],"p,":[22,402,645,793],"the":[24,28,58,147,167,171,174,233,238,255,260,271,319,358,365,398,405,442,556,601,610,616,667,677,688,713,729,743,788,803,812,844,847,879],"degree":[25,617,678,689,804],"to":[26,81,110,163,307,356,396,486,512,599,615,618,666,676,690,698,734,741,805,818,860,881],"which":[27,269,274,303,321,351,619,691,727,731,806,839,889],"meaning":[29,359,366,443,463,475,482,496,668],"p":[31,375,379,387,614,682,752],"in":[33,51,57,84,121,131,210,232,237,273,302,413,440,459,491,500,555,595,632,641,892],"agreement":[34,680],"with":[35,488,510,648,683],"factual":[36,684,813],"information,":[37,814],"F.":[38],"will":[44,227],"be":[45,82,228,280,287,295,382,428,455,523,800,819,841],"formulated":[46],"at":[47],"later":[49],"point":[50],"this":[52,710,786],"paper.":[53],"theory":[55],"outlined":[56],"following,":[59],"call":[60],"it":[61,695],"RCT":[62,140,353,460,638,642],"for":[63,466,709],"short,":[64],"departure":[67],"from":[68,371,423,450,534,875],"traditional":[69,122],"theories":[70],"and":[73,134,184,263,284,342,409,445,515,518,567,657,702,737,751,758,762],"meaning.":[74,479],"In":[75,204,539,704,810],"RCT,":[76,205,540,705,811],"values":[78,107,117,320,542,551,561,566,581,652],"are":[79,108,118,126,207,344,411,537,552,562,568,582,753,764,890],"allowed":[80,120],"described":[83,209,490],"natural":[85,211,373,425,451,492,535,876,893],"language.":[86,212,452,493,894],"Examples.":[87],"Quite":[88],"true,":[89,93,95,97,99,101,103],"more":[90],"or":[91,377],"less":[92],"almost":[94],"largely":[96],"possibly":[98],"probably":[100,195],"usually":[102,199],"etc.":[104,203,589],"Such":[105],"referred":[109,355,395,598],"as":[111,297,357,384,397,430,600,755,769,781,802,821],"linguistic":[112,508,863],"values.":[114,574],"Linguistic":[115,559],"logical":[123],"systems,":[124],"but":[125,315,476,528],"routinely":[127],"used":[128,708],"by":[129,766,861],"humans":[130],"everyday":[132,135],"reasoning":[133],"discourse.":[136],"centerpiece":[138],"deceptively":[143],"simple":[144],"concept":[145,148,714],"-":[146,376,380,527,531,653],"restriction.":[151],"Informally,":[152,720],"restriction,":[154,246,326,386,832],"R(X),":[155,247,327],"on":[156,318,570,584,824,828,834,853],"variable,":[158,175,257],"X,":[159,314,340,407,700,749],"an":[161,266,281,288,431,437,629,716],"answer":[162],"form:":[168],"X?":[176],"Possible":[177],"answers:":[178],"X=10,":[179],"X":[180,186,192,196,200,249,253,278,308,322,389,620,692,736,761],"between":[182],"3":[183],"20,":[185],"much":[188],"larger":[189],"than":[190],"2,":[191],"large,":[194,198,202],"restrictions":[206,569,583],"preponderantly":[208],"An":[213],"example":[214],"fairly":[217],"complex":[218],"description":[219],"It":[221,521],"very":[223],"unlikely":[224],"that":[225,364,419,458,525,640],"there":[226],"significant":[230],"increase":[231],"price":[234],"oil":[236],"near":[239],"future.":[240],"canonical":[242,292,399,775],"form":[243,293,400,543],"isr":[250,390],"R,":[251,694],"where":[252],"restricted":[256],"R":[258,275,285,341,408,701,738,750,763],"restricting":[261],"relation,":[262],"r":[264,343,410],"indexical":[267],"variable":[268,283],"defines":[270],"way":[272],"restricts":[276],"X.":[277,334],"may":[279,286,294,381,427,799],"n-ary":[282,289],"relation.":[290],"interpreted":[296,429],"generalized":[299],"assignment":[300,433],"statement":[301],"what":[304,596,706],"assigned":[306],"restriction":[317,336,823,827,852],"can":[323,840],"take.":[324],"carrier":[330],"information":[332,489,730],"about":[333],"precisiated":[338,507,765,774],"if":[339],"mathematically":[345],"well":[346],"defined.":[347],"key":[349,591],"idea":[350,592],"underlies":[352],"postulate,":[360,603,607],"MP.":[361],"MP":[362,417,435],"postulates":[363,418],"proposition":[369,421],"drawn":[370,422,449,533,874],"language,":[374],"simply":[378],"represented":[383,820],"\u2192":[388],"R.":[391,622],"This":[392,623],"expression":[393],"CF(p).":[403],"Generally,":[404],"variables":[406],"implicit":[412,432],"p.":[414,670,747],"Simply":[415],"stated,":[416],"language":[426,536,877],"statement.":[434],"plays":[436,628],"essential":[438,630],"role":[439,631],"defining":[441],"of,":[444],"computing":[446],"with,":[447],"propositions":[448,532,873],"should":[454,522],"underscored":[456],"understanding":[461,473],"taken":[465],"granted.":[467],"really":[469],"matters":[470],"precisiation":[477],"Precisiation":[480,494,871],"prerequisite":[485],"computation":[487],"desideratum":[499],"robotics,":[501],"mechanization":[502],"decision-making,":[504],"legal":[505],"reasoning,":[506],"summarization":[509],"application":[511],"data":[513],"mining":[514],"Big":[516],"Data,":[517],"other":[519],"fields.":[520],"noted":[524],"most":[526],"all":[530],"precisiable.":[538],"hierarchy.":[545],"First":[546],"order":[547,564,572,579,586],"(ground":[548],"level)":[549],"numerical,":[553],"lying":[554],"unit":[557],"interval.":[558],"second":[563],"first":[571],"n":[575],"<sup":[576],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[577,796,837,856,868],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">th</sup>":[578],"(n-1)":[585],"values,":[588],"Another":[590],"embodied":[594],"TP.":[604],"TP,":[608],"equates":[609],"satisfies":[621,693,808],"RCT.":[633],"distinguishing":[635],"feature":[636],"associated":[647],"two":[649],"distinct":[650],"internal":[654,662],"external":[658,672],"value.":[660],"relates":[665,675],"information.":[685],"To":[686],"compute":[687,742],"necessary":[697],"precisiate":[699,735],"r.":[703],"purpose":[711],"explanatory":[717],"database,":[718],"ED.":[719,772,825],"ED":[721,829],"collection":[724],"relations":[726],"represent":[728],"needed":[733],"or,":[739],"equivalently,":[740],"Precisiated":[748],"denoted":[754],"X*,":[756],"R*":[757],"p*,":[759],"respectively.":[760],"expressing":[767],"them":[768],"functions":[770],"form,":[776],"CF*":[777],"(p),":[778],"expressed":[780],"X*":[782,807],"isr*":[783],"R*.":[784,809],"At":[785],"point,":[787],"numerical":[789],"nt":[794,835,854],"<sub":[795,836,855,867],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">p</sub>":[797,838,857,869],",":[798],"computed":[801,842,851],"F,":[815],"assumed":[817],"induces":[830],"t,":[833],"through":[843],"use":[845],"extension":[848],"principle.":[849],"approximated":[859],"value,":[865],"lt":[866],".":[870],"opens":[878],"door":[880],"construction":[882],"mathematical":[884],"solutions":[885],"computational":[887],"problems,":[888],"stated":[891]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}