{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405304736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin62893.2024.10786186","title":"Refinement of Sparsely Tagged Ground Truth Paths Using PDR and Particle Filter Smoothing","display_name":"Refinement of Sparsely Tagged Ground Truth Paths Using PDR and Particle Filter Smoothing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405304736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin62893.2024.10786186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ipin62893.2024.10786186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin62893.2024.10786186","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 14th International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084308620","display_name":"Steffen Kastner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4083-3269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130074995","display_name":"Technical University of Applied Sciences W\u00fcrzburg-Schweinfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5h5v15","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130074995"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steffen Kastner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics,Würzburg,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics,Würzburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130074995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069465310","display_name":"Markus Bullmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7213-1024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130074995","display_name":"Technical University of Applied Sciences W\u00fcrzburg-Schweinfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5h5v15","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130074995"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Bullmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics,Würzburg,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics,Würzburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130074995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021586983","display_name":"Markus Ebner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7221-3748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130074995","display_name":"Technical University of Applied Sciences W\u00fcrzburg-Schweinfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5h5v15","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130074995"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Ebner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics,Würzburg,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics,Würzburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130074995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061020048","display_name":"Toni Fetzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8249-8783"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toni Fetzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["cronn GmbH,Bonn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"cronn GmbH,Bonn,Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077312791","display_name":"Frank Deinzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-3529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130074995","display_name":"Technical University of Applied Sciences W\u00fcrzburg-Schweinfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5h5v15","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130074995"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Deinzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics,Würzburg,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics,Würzburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130074995"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037990310","display_name":"Marcin Grzegorzek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4877-8287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Grzegorzek","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lübeck German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence,Institute of Medical Informatics,Lübeck,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lübeck German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence,Institute of Medical Informatics,Lübeck,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4599,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63596008,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9089000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9089000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.8272911310195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7047920823097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.6776783466339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.555478572845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4327756464481354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37078922986984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34732696413993835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.31578195095062256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.8272911310195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7047920823097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.6776783466339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.555478572845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4327756464481354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37078922986984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34732696413993835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.31578195095062256}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ipin62893.2024.10786186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin62893.2024.10786186","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 14th International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050374176","https://openalex.org/W2149532992","https://openalex.org/W2161129698","https://openalex.org/W2163678732","https://openalex.org/W2549478376","https://openalex.org/W2901943669","https://openalex.org/W4231786831","https://openalex.org/W4246452946","https://openalex.org/W4312556654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978572805","https://openalex.org/W2383807498","https://openalex.org/W1997992934","https://openalex.org/W1987225439","https://openalex.org/W4238188170","https://openalex.org/W2125114371","https://openalex.org/W2019977573","https://openalex.org/W2149980199","https://openalex.org/W3125766170","https://openalex.org/W2282975717"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Acquiring":[0],"accurate":[1,127],"ground":[2,128],"truth":[3,129],"or":[4],"fingerprint":[5,131],"data":[6,29,45,132],"for":[7,48,126],"indoor":[8],"localization":[9],"typically":[10],"demands":[11],"specialized":[12],"hardware":[13],"and":[14,53,81,89,99,108,130],"considerable":[15],"effort.":[16],"This":[17],"paper":[18],"introduces":[19],"three":[20],"post-processing":[21],"methods":[22,34,61,112],"to":[23,73],"simplify":[24],"the":[25,42,49,70,75,103,123],"recording":[26,44],"of":[27,102,110],"such":[28],"within":[30],"certain":[31],"limitations.":[32],"The":[33,106],"can":[35],"be":[36],"categorized":[37],"into":[38],"fixed-interval":[39],"smoothing":[40],"where":[41],"complete":[43],"is":[46,55,113],"available":[47],"optimal":[50],"state":[51],"estimation":[52],"there":[54],"no":[56],"live":[57],"processing":[58],"requirement.":[59],"Our":[60],"are":[62,87],"based":[63,95],"on":[64,96],"a":[65,100],"particle":[66],"filter":[67],"system,":[68],"employing":[69],"CONDENSATION":[71],"algorithm":[72],"estimate":[74],"hidden":[76],"state.":[77],"Particles":[78],"represent":[79],"positions":[80],"headings":[82],"in":[83,115,121],"3D":[84],"space.":[85],"They":[86],"moved":[88],"evaluated":[90],"using":[91],"pedestrian":[92],"dead":[93],"reckoning":[94],"IMU":[97],"measurements":[98],"map":[101],"building":[104],"only.":[105],"development":[107],"application":[109],"these":[111],"presented":[114],"this":[116],"paper,":[117],"demonstrating":[118],"their":[119],"effectiveness":[120],"reducing":[122],"effort":[124],"required":[125],"recording.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}